PBX炸药细观损伤的实验研究

为研究PBX炸药在冲击作用下的物理损伤、化学损伤及成热的物理机制,采用炸药爆炸驱动隔板实验技术对PBX炸药进行了冲击压缩实验,回收炸药试样并对其不同位置处的断面形貌进行SEM分析.结果表明,随着冲击能量的增加,其温度效应的影响越来越显著,损伤模式从物理损伤向化学损伤过渡.这为XDT问题中的"热点"形成机制等研究提供了实验基础.     

麦饭石作为固体酸载体时酸中心形成过程的研究

本文以乙酸己酯合成为探针分子，以乙酸转化率为基准，探讨固体酸形成的过程及条件，利用XRD，TEM等实验手段表征了麦饭石浸渍H2SO4的过程。     

Transitions of saturated monoacid triglycerides: Modeling conformational change at glycerol during α→β′→β transformation

The glycerol region geometry of modeled saturated monoacid triglycerides was altered by bond rotations and minor angle distortions to convert theoretical α-forms into bent β′- and β-forms. Direct α to β conversion involves lateral disruption of fatty chain packing to generate side-chain character typical of the β-form. Such disruption, which could contribute to fat bloom, allows additional molecular movement and shifts in molecular mechanics energy (MME) that may approximate thermal changes observed by differential scanning calorimetry during α to β transformations. Energy calculations at 100 points throughout each transformation identified plausible conversion routes. A two-stage conversion, α to either of two stereospecific β′-forms bent at glycerol followed by subsequent conversion to β, showed less chain movement and more favorable MME than direct α to β conversion. The preferred path, based on energy profiles of each conversion, involves a β′-D form and rotation of carbonyl to α-carbon bonds in chain #2 and a side chain (chain #3).     

基于等幅周期荷载下软岩Bingham本构模型的研究

为建立一种描述等幅周期荷载下软岩应变特性的本构模型,将Bingham模型中的常值黏壶元件替换成与循环次数相关的变系数黏壶元件,常值弹性元件替换为随周期荷载循环次数的增大而衰减的非定值弹性元件,即可得到反映周期荷载下软岩各种应变规律的Bingham本构模型。当循环荷载应力上限值σmax大于岩石的临界强度σs时,模型为可反映软岩3个应变阶段的改进4参数Bingam模型;反之则为反映软岩前两个应变阶段的非常值2参数Hook模型。将周期荷载分解为一个定值荷载和一个平均应力值为零的周期荷载,基于流变力学理论给出了定值荷载作用下基于该模型的本构方程式,再根据黏弹性力学理论,给出了平均应力值为零的周期荷载下基于该模型的本构方程式,最后将已获得的本构方程式叠加即得到周期荷载下软岩本构方程式。结果表明:所建立的本构方程式可较好描述周期荷载下不同软岩各类应变特征,对各类软岩的应变曲线拟合的相关系数均在0.868以上,且同一种岩石模型中弹性元件系数初始值随周期荷载的动应力幅值的增大而减小,岩石加速应变速率参数随动应力幅值的增大而增大。     

Reactive rock phosphate fertilizers and soil testing for phosphorus: The effect of particle size of the rock phosphate

North Carolina rock phosphate (NCRP) (highly carbonate—substituted apatite) was ground to produce three samples with different particle size distributions. The effectiveness of these fertilizers was compared with the effectiveness of superphosphate in a field experiment and three glasshouse experiments using lateritic soils from south-western Australia. Non-reactive Queensland rock phosphate (low carbonate-substituted apatite from the Duchess deposit) was also used in the pot experiments. Bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus extracted from the soil is widely used in Western Australia to predict plant yields from previously-applied fertilizer dressings. For both field and pot experiments bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus (soil test value) was measured and related to subsequent plant yields.As calculated from the initial slope of the relationship between yield and the level of P applied, finely powdered NCRP was about 5–32% as effective as freshly-applied superphosphate in the year of application and also for two years after application in the field experiment, and for two successive crops in the three pot experiments. For both field and pot experiments, finely powdered NCRP, was at best, 1.5–2.0 times as effective as granular NCRP. Relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, the effectiveness of rock phosphates usually decreased with increasing level of application.For each of the crops in the field experiment, the relationships between yield and phosphorus content of plants (i.e. internal efficiency curves) were similar for all fertilizers. Thus the low effectiveness of the rock phosphates relative to superphosphate was solely due to much less phosphorus being taken up by plants. By contrast, in the pot experiments internal efficiency curves differed for different fertilizers. This is attributed to differences in the rate of phosphorus uptake by plant roots during the early stages of plant growth.For both field and pot experiments, soil test calibrations (the relationship between yield and soil test value) differed for rock phosphates and superphosphate. For superphosphate, soil test calibrations also differed for the three different years after the initial application of this fertilizer in the field experiment. For the second crop in the pot experiment, soil test calibrations differed for superphosphate applied at different times (before the first and the second crop). These results point out the difficulty of applying soil testing procedures to soils that have experienced different histories of fertilizer application.     

Effect of test frequency and water content on localized crack-tip heating in nylon-6,6

Fatigue crack propagation (FCP) tests were conducted at various frequencies on nylon-6,6 specimens equilibrated over a range of moisture levels to determine the crack growth rates and the crack-tip temperatures as a function of water content. Frequency-sensitivity was correlated with the amount of crack-tip heating taking place, with crack-tip temperature being found to depend strongly on the estimated loss compliance, D″, of the material. The frequency-sensitivity of FCP in nylon was seen also to be affected by mean stress, suggesting that creep processes are often significant in FCP of nylon.     

Summary of research on soil testing for rock phosphate fertilizers in Western Australia

The relationship between plant yield and values of soils tests for phosphorus (P) was studied in long-term field experiments in south-western Australia for soil previously fertilized with rock phosphate and superphosphate. The rock phosphates studied were: Queensland (Duchess) apatite rock phosphate; reactive apatite rock phosphate from North Carolina; and rock phosphate from Christmas Island (as either C-grade ore or Calciphos). The P fertilizers were applied once only at the start of each experiment, and in subsequent years, soil samples were collected in January-March to measure soil test values. These were compared with plant yields measured later on in that year. The Colwell alkaline bicarbonate soil test was used in all years in all experiments. Olsen, Bray, lactate and Troug tests were used in some years in some experiments. For all soil tests the relationships between yield and soil test values was generally different for rock phosphate and superphosphate. For a given source of P, none of the different soil test reagents was significantly superior for predicting plant yields. The relationship between yield and soil test value was also generally different for different plant species. At one site cultivation was included as a treatment and the relationship varied depending on the cultivation treatment of the topsoil before sowing oats (Avena sativa). The relationship between yield and soil test also differed between years.     

垂直筛板塔流体力学与传质研究状况

对我国在新型垂直筛板塔的流体力学性能 ,诸如塔板干板压降与湿板压降、板孔漏液、塔板过量雾沫夹带、板上帽罩单元的液体提升能力与液体循环程度的研究及其传质性能 ,诸如塔板传质效率模型、塔板空间气相中液体大小与分布、板间空间立体传质作用的研究等进行了综合 ,并予以分析论述 ,从中看出我国对新型垂直筛板塔已进行了较全面深入的研究工作 ,并取得了新进展。     

Shear rates investigation in a scraped surface heat exchanger

The electrodiffusion technique was performed in order to investigate the shear rate on a scraped surface heat exchanger. Microelectrodes were placed inside: the walls of the outer cylinder; the inlet and outlet bowls; the rotor and the blades. Highly viscous Newtonian fluid (Emkarox HV45 solutions) and non-Newtonian model fluid (aqueous solutions of CMC) were used. The electrodiffusion method allowed us to measure wall shear rates. Maximum shear rate was observed at the scraping surface and caused by blades scraping, high shear rate was also measured on the leading edge of the blades. In the other parts of the exchanger, shear rate remained low but the development of Taylor vortices completely modified the scraped surface heat exchangers behaviour inside the surface of the bowls. A dimensionless representation of the friction factor was established for the inner and outer wall surface of the exchanger.     

Application of statistical mechanics to the analysis of various physical properties of elastomeric networks — a review

This paper examines the application of the statistical mechanics to the analysis of various physical properties of the elastomeric networks. The equilibrium properties of rubber-like networks are discussed, and also some dynamic properties, such as the relaxation spectrum of Gaussian networks. The paper covers a large spectrum of properties of polymer networks such as: fluctuations and chain dimensions in unimodal and bimodal network, effects of entanglements and constraints on the elastic properties of the network, segmental orientation, liquid-crystalline networks, small angle neutron scattering from networks, strain birefringence, elastic properties of filled networks, strain induced crystallization etc. The paper shows that the statistical mechanics can be successfully used to the analysis of almost all physical properties of rubber-like networks.