基于DPT的非线性调频信号参数估计

将非线性调频（NLFM）信号建模为高阶多项式相位信号（PPS）模型,采用由低阶离散多项式变换（DPT）到高阶DPT的逆向定阶方法确定模型阶数,并在此基础上,给出一种正弦调频信号（SFM）的DPT参数估计算法,可以实现对载波频率、调制频率及调频系数的估计。该算法不受调频系数范围的限制,核心环节为延时相关和FFT。仿真表明当SNR≥6dB时,调频参数的均方根误差小于-10dB。采用ADI公司TS201S芯片作为处理器,算法运行时间为3.30603ms,能够满足一般实时处理的要求。     

基于增量式SFM的特定目标加速定位方法

针对当前增量式运动恢复结构法中每加入一幅图片需要循环多次光束平差迭代造成的大计算量和三维重建过程点云目标针对性弱等问题,提出两步改进方法。首先,引入一种分段调节函数。在三角化步骤之后,计算系统的重投影误差,通过比较此误差与事先设定的阈值,以此判断后续局部迭代优化步骤的运行方式。随后,待所有图像注册完毕,使用SURF算法进行二次图像匹配。确定特定目标的图像坐标和对应空间相对位置,并完成对应点云重建过程,同时滤除无用冗余信息。实验证明,改进方法在基本维持原有定位精度的基础上,可以较大的提高系统运行速度,并且能够从众多目标中快速准确地找到所需目标位置,最终生成空间点云,具有较强的实用价值。     

Developments and perspectives of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) on organic materials systems

In this paper recent developments in scanning probe microscopy ( SPM ) on organic materials are reviewed with selected examples. Presented subjects include instrumentation and particularities in connection with SPM imaging on soft organic materials. Exemplary cases of structure-properties investigations with SPM in organic materials science including amorphous polymers, polymer crystal growth effects, interface structure and stability, spinodal decomposition effects, copolymer and liquid crystal (LC) nanophase separation, LC phase transitions on a molecular scale, molecular manipulation as well as structure and properties of other organic materials are presented. Naturally, this paper cannot review all papers published about SPM on organic materials. Rather, main principles and problems as well as the strategy of probe microscopy on organic materials is elucidated with selected examples. SPM is shown to be an effective and forceful organic materials analytic tool for the materials scientist.     

基于多摄像机的鲁棒运动结构重建方法

考虑大尺度噪声对测量矩阵的影响,提出了一种基于多摄像机的鲁棒运动结构重建方法.通过引入一种用于低秩矩阵恢复的数学模型,将丢失数据和大尺度噪声造成的不完整测量矩阵求解转化为凸优化问题,并使用鲁棒主成分分析方法对其求解,利用多摄像机下的矩阵分解理论实现多摄像机下运动结构重建.实验结果表明,提出的方法能够有效解决大尺度噪声的存在造成多摄像机运动结构重建方法失效的问题,准确地重建物体三维结构.     

A scanning force microscopy study of grain boundary energy in copper subjected to equal channel angular pressing

We employed a scanning force microscopy technique to determine the ratio of grain boundary and surface energies in copper using the thermal grooving method. Samples of ultrafine grain copper obtained by four passes of equal channel angular pressing were heat treated in a reducing atmosphere at 400 °C for 15 min and at 800 °C for 2 h. The average dihedral angles of the grain boundary grooves after the former and the latter heat treatments were 152.4 ± 6.3° and 164.2 ± 4.3°, respectively, which can be translated into the difference by a factor of 1.8 in average grain boundary energies. This difference implies that the grain boundaries in ultrafine grain copper produced by equal channel angular pressing are in a state of high non-equilibrium that cannot be fully relaxed after a short annealing at 400 °C, but that undergoes significant relaxation after annealing at 800 °C.     

Mobilization of biomass for energy from boreal forests in Finland & Russia under present sustainable forest management certification and new sustainability requirements for solid biofuels

Forest biomass is one of the main contributors to the EU's renewable energy target of 20% gross final energy consumption in 2020 (Renewable Energy Directive). Following the RED, new sustainability principles are launched by the European energy sector, such as the Initiative Wood Pellet Buyers (IWPB or SBP). The aim of our study is the investigation of the quantitative impacts from IWPB's principles for forest biomass for energy only. We deploy a bottom up method that quantifies the supplies and the costs from log harvest until forest chip delivery at a domestic consumer. We have a reference situation with existing national (forest) legislation and voluntary certification schemes (scenario 1) and a future situation with additional criteria based on the IWPB principles (scenario 2). Two country studies were selected for our (2008) survey: one in Finland with nearly 100% certification and one in Leningrad province with a minor areal share of certification in scenario 1. The sustainable potential of forest resources for energy is about 54 Mm³ (385 PJ) in Finland and about 13.5 Mm³ (95 PJ) in Leningrad in scenario 1 without extra criteria. The potential volumes reduce considerably by maximum 43% respectively 39% after new criteria from the IWPB, like a minimum use of sawlogs, stumps and slash for energy, and by an increased area of protected forests (scenario 2A Maximum extra restrictions). In case sawlogs can be used, but instead ash recycling is applied after a maximum stump and slash recovery (scenario 2B Minimum extra restrictions), the potential supply is less reduced: 5% in Finland and 22% in Leningrad region. The estimated reference costs for forest chips are between €18 and €45 solid m⁻³ in Finland and between €7 and €33 solid m⁻³ in the Leningrad region. In scenario 2A, the costs will mainly increase by €7 m⁻³ for delimbing full trees (Finland), and maximum €0.3 m⁻³ for suggested improved forest management (Leningrad region). In scenario 2B, when ash recycling is applied, costs increase by about €0.3 to €1.6 m⁻³, depending on the rate of soil contamination. This is an increase of 2%, on top of the costs in scenario 2A.     

针对大规模点集三维重建问题的分布式捆绑调整方法

捆绑调整(Bundle adjustment, BA)是三维重建中的关键步骤,它需要消耗大量的计算时间和内存存储空间.本 文旨在处理三维点数比相机模型数多很多的捆绑调整问题,我们称之为针对大规模三维点集的捆 绑调整(Massive-points bundle adjustment, MPBA)问题.此类问题在对高分辨率图像进行三 维重建时会经常出现.为了高效地解决MPBA问题,本文提出一种分布式的捆绑调整算法.通过基 于三维点集划分的分解方法,原MPBA问题被分成若干子问题.该分解方法不依赖于输入参数的内在 联系,因而分解结果与具体BA问题无关.算法被映射于两个集群上,一个集群有5台计算机,另一个集 群有3台计算机,其中每台机器都配置一块图形处理器(Graphic processing unit, GPU).通过对若 干MPBA问题的实验,与经典捆绑调整算法SBA (Sparse bundle adjustment)相比,本文算法获得了 最高达75倍的加速比,并保持了算法的高精确度.而且,本文算法的两个实现所消耗的单机内存存储 空间,仅为SBA实现的1/7和1/4.     

Nanotribology: an UHV-SFM study on thin films of AgBr(001)

We performed scanning force microscopy (SFM) in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) on AgBr thin films which were in situ deposited on NaCl(001) substrates. The morphology of the initial growth stage and the nanotribological properties of these thin films are characterized and discussed. The lateral (frictional) forces are measured as a function of normal load. The local friction coefficients are extracted by means of the two-dimensional histogram technique. In the low load regime, friction coefficients of 0.33 ± 0.07 and <0.03 are found between probing SiO _x tip and AgBr and NaCl, respectively. The two-dimensional histogram reveals the transition from the force regime of wearless friction to the initial stage of wear on this thin film system. High-resolution SFM images of AgBr(001) are presented which reveal the atomic-scale periodicity of an unreconstructed AgBr(001) surface. The stick-slip nature of the frictional force is demonstrated.     

基于分段式序列图片集的运动恢复结构

多视图运动恢复结构（Structure from Motion,SFM）是三维重建中相机姿态估计的一种最常用的方法。传统SFM采用增量方式处理图片,算法的时间复杂度是[O(n4)],当图片数量较多时,重建时间很长。此外,由于图片噪声影响,漂移误差将随着图片数量增加不断累加,影响最终的重建质量。添加集束调整（Bundle Adjustment,BA）可以优化重建结果,但是需要花费更长的时间。在现有增量式算法的基础上,提出基于分段式序列图片集的方法,将序列图片集按照相似度划分为小集合,对每个小集合进行并行计算,减少误差累积量和重建时间,最后再用BA进行全局优化。实验结果表明,该方法能在保持一定精度的前提下,有效减少重建时间。     

Improved multi-scale kernel principal component analysis and its application for fault detection

In this paper the multiscale kernel principal component analysis (MSKPCA) based on sliding median filter (SFM) is proposed for fault detection in nonlinear system with outliers. The MSKPCA based on SFM (SFM-MSKPCA) algorithm is first proposed and applied to process monitoring. The advantages of SFM-MSKPCA are: (1) the dynamical multiscale monitoring method is proposed which combining the Kronecker production, the wavelet decomposition technique, the sliding median filter technique and KPCA. The Kronecker production is first used to build the dynamical model; (2) there are more disturbances and noises in dynamical processes compared to static processes. The sliding median filter technique is used to remove the disturbances and noises; (3) SFM-MSKPCA gives nonlinear dynamic interpretation compared to MSPCA; (4) by decomposing the original data into multiple scales, SFM-MSKPCA analyze the dynamical data at different scales, reconstruct scales contained important information by IDWT, eliminate the effects of the noises in the original data compared to kernel principal component analysis (KPCA). To demonstrate the feasibility of the SFM-MSKPCA method, its process monitoring abilities are tested by simulation examples, and compared with the monitoring abilities of the KPCA and MSPCA method on the quantitative basis. The fault detection results and the comparison show the superiority of SFM-MSKPCA in fault detection.