软岩膨胀变形特性及释放规律研究

针对鲁中矿业有限公司张家洼铁矿的矽卡岩和红板岩2类软岩,采用同等条件下干湿交替的循环试验方法,对其进行了膨胀变形特性和释放规律的试验研究。试验结果表明：该类岩石的膨胀性具有随循环次数的增加而逐渐释放并趋于一个定值的规律,所揭示的规律可为软岩工程支护提供理论依据。     

钻井用耐剪切堵漏剂DLJ-5的性能

针对裂缝性地层钻井过程中,常规的桥塞堵漏材料堵漏效果不佳或者堵漏后发生重复性漏失的难题,通过引入锂皂石,研制出了一种耐剪切的钻井液堵漏剂DLJ-5,借助激光粒度分析仪和衍射仪研究了其微观形貌,并对其吸水膨胀性能、耐剪切性能以及与钻井液的配伍性进行了评价,最后研究了DLJ-5的堵漏性能。结果表明,研制出的堵漏剂DLJ-5的平均初始粒径为204.5μm,内部的有机和无机双网络结构提高了堵漏剂的强度。堵漏剂DLJ-5在50℃模拟地层水条件下的膨胀倍数为35.52,具有很好的耐剪切性能,与长庆油田钻井液的配伍性好,在高矿化度地层具有一定的堵漏承压性能。该耐剪切堵漏剂在裂缝性地层的钻井过程中具有广泛的应用前景。     

Development of Local Injectable Dental Gel: The Influence of Certain Additives on Physicochemical Properties of Glycerylmonooleate‐Based Formulations

The current research study is based on the design and development of a sol‐gel biodegradable controlled‐release formulation for use in the treatment of periodontal diseases. Glycerylmonooleate (GMO) was used as a main composition in the gel base. The influence of various additives, e.g., glycerylmonostearate (GMS), methylcellulose (MC), surfactants, and triglycerides, in GMO formulations on rheologic and swelling properties and release characteristics was described. It was demonstrated that the surfactants and triglycerides affected rheologic behavior, whereas GMS and MC influenced both rheologic and swelling properties of the bases. The release study revealed that drug released from the gel bases depended on the square root of time. The kinetics can be explained by the Higuchi's diffusion theory. Some polyols could enhance drug release from the gel. The stability results suggested that the dental gels obtained should be kept in the low temperature range.     

High Fluence Ion Irradiation of Thin Fullertte Films

Abstract

Thin fullerite films - partly covered with a thin Au layer -have been irradiated with 100 keV Arⁿ⁺ (n = 1, 6, and 12), 250 keV N⁺, and 30 keV Au⁺ ions up to high fluences, and subsequently analyzed by profilometry, Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Depending on the system, either an increase or a decrease of the film thickness after the irradiations was found, and the probing RBS α particles suffered sometimes an enhanced, and sometimes a reduced energy loss upon passage through the films. The comparison of profilometry and RBS results on uncovered and covered samples allows us to separate the different effects which influence the behavior of high-fluence irradiated fullerite samples clearly from each other. Such effects might be the incorporation of the projectile ions, density changes, phase changes, sputtering, and transport of neighbored unirradiated matter into the irradiated zone.

It is remarkable that ion irradiation of fullerite can lead as well to a densified material, with densities of about 2.1 g-cm^?3, as to a foam-like carbonaceous material with a density around 0.35 g-cm^?3 - depending on the type of projectile and its range. The latter case appears to be characteristic for high-fluence heavy noble gas implantation into fullerite. Fullerite sputtering was reconfirmed to decrease inversely with the fluence.     

On the swelling of silver powder during sintering

Silver powder compacts may suffer an overall expansion during sintering. A simultaneous analysis of dimensional changes, mass loss and pore closing in the course of sintering showed that volume change results from the competition between classical sintering phenomena inducing densification and material creeping under stresses caused by internal gas pressure, which induces swelling. The internal gas includes air trapped during pressing and oxygen released from particle surface inside the pores that closed during pressing or sintering. This swelling phenomenon is particularly strong with powders with large specific surface area and compacts with high green density. It is less effective during fast sintering, as observed during direct induction heating experiments. Electrical conductivity is strongly affected by swelling. Powder compacts may exhibit a lower conductivity after sintering when interparticle bonding does not balance the density decrease occurring during sintering.     

Swelling and thermal properties of porous PNIPAM/PEG hydrogels prepared by radiation polymerization

In this study,a series of porous intelligent hydrogels were synthesized by radiation exhibiting the lower critical solution temperature（LCST） and fast response involving a combination of A’-isopropyl acrylamideas monomer, polyethylene glycol（PEG） as pore-forming agent and N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide as crosslinking agent.The hydrogels were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,and the influence of radiation doses on their swelling and thermal behaviors were studied.Their surface morphologies were examined by scanning electron microscopy.The results showed that PEG molecules only acted as pore-forming agent in the cross-linked polymerization.Their swelling ratios reduced with increasing radiation doses.The LCST was around 37℃,and varied little with the radiation doses.The frozen water content of PNIPAM/PEG₆₀₀₀ hydrogel reduced with increasing the radiation dose,and was greater than that of PN1PAM hydrogel at 15 kGy.Hydrogel macropores were prepared by PEG agent,and the hydrogels without PEG had a dense surface.The porous hydrogels are expected to be applied in the field of artificial intelligence material.     

Preparation of styrene-based, magnetic polymer microspheres by a swelling and penetration process

A swelling and penetration process is proposed to prepare magnetic polymer microspheres. Micron-size polystyrene (PS) particles were swollen in an aqueous solution of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and then mixed with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. The magnetic nanoparticles were able to diffuse into polymer microspheres and were entrapped within the polymer microspheres. The saturation magnetization of resultant magnetic polymer microspheres increased as increasing magnetic nanoparticle concentrations were added to the swelling mixture. A higher ratio of NMP-to-water led to a greater swelling but a larger loss of polymer mass due to polymer chain dissolution in the NMP solution. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the NMP aqueous solution significantly enhanced the swelling and penetration process. The use of SDS could not only shorten the process time but also lower the required NMP concentration. The proposed method also worked well in preparing magnetic polymers microspheres with other styrene-based copolymer beads like poly(styrene–glycidyl methacrylate) (PS–GMA).     

New insights into loss of swelling power and pasting profiles of acid hydrolyzed starch granules

The effect of acid hydrolysis on the swelling power of pea starch granules was studied by field emission SEM (FE‐SEM). The swelling power of the native starch granules (g water absorbed/g dry starch) was 13, and this decreased to less than 2 after 1 day of acid hydrolysis. The proportion of the starch that was soluble in hot water increased from 15% for native starch to 75% after 1 day of hydrolysis. The swelling power of the starch decreased further, and solubility increased, with more extended hydrolysis. The decrease in swelling power and increase in solubility were attributed mainly to the disruption of side chains of amylopectin. Observations with FE‐SEM indicated that starch granules were still able to melt and coalesce after 1 day of acid hydrolysis, but after 2 days solubilization of starch chains occurred predominantly rather than swelling when the granules were heated in excess water. The intactness of amylopectin is proposed to play a crucial role in the swelling power of starch granules and in the structure of granule ghosts.     

Separation and Concentration of Phenylalanine by Emulsion Liquid Membrane in a CSTR Extraction Process

Abstract

The extraction and concentration of phenylalanine by the continuous CSTR emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) separation process has been evaluated. We discussed the influence of operating conditions on the separation and concentration efficiencies of phenylanine. It was found that the extraction rate of phenylalanine increased as the amount of emulsion used and the internal concentration of H⁺ increased. However, the concentration ratio of phenylalanine increased as the emulsion amount and acid concentration increased only up to a certain limit and then declined with further increases of these. The reduction of the concentration ratio is due to the swelling of the emulsion drops. Two effects, swelling owing to osmotic pressure and swelling caused by the entrainment of water due to mechanical agitation, are responsible for the swelling of emulsion drops. A mass transfer model for analyzing the extraction of phenylalanine by liquid surfactant membrane is presented. The model assumes that the extraction and stripping reactions are reversible, and that the reaction equilibrium exists in both the internal and the external interfaces. The scheme for mass transfer is based on a hollow sphere model. The phenomena of osmotic swelling, mechanical entrainment, and breakage are all considered in the mathematical treatment. The effects of operation parameters on the extraction efficiency and concentration ratio are discussed by simulation.     

Equilibrium-Staged Separations: A Bibliography Update (1992–1993)

This article provides a bibliographic listing of journal papers published during 1992–1993 concerned with distillation and other equilibrium-staged separation processes. The references are taken from the 40 most important chemical engineering journals. This paper provides an update to the literature as provided in previous bibliographic papers (1, 2). Liquid-liquid extraction is the subject of a separate bibliography (for 1992-1993) due to the number of publications on this topic (3). A bibliography detailing supercritical extraction from 1980- 1993 has also been published separately due to the current interest in this relatively new technology (4). A complete bibliography of the chemical engineering journal literature from 1967–1991 has been published by the author (5–7). An earlier bibliography (8) provides access to the literature prior to 1967. The following topics are included in this paper: