采动作用下含深大岩溶结构面坡体裂隙扩展及变形破坏规律

中国西南高陡岩溶山区崩滑灾害频发,长期地下采矿活动是该区域崩滑灾害的重要诱因之一。采动作用下,坡体后缘深大结构面扩展演化控制着高陡岩溶坡体稳定性和失稳破坏模式。在野外地质调查基础上,结合室内物理模型试验和离散元数值模拟,揭示了地下开采扰动下覆岩裂隙扩展演化规律,阐明了深大结构面对边坡稳定性的控制作用,讨论了坡体变形的破坏模式。结果表明：地下开采扰动对斜坡体稳定性的影响主要表现在地下采动卸荷引起覆岩应力重分布、山体变形诱使裂隙扩展;地下采空后,斜坡体在二维剖面上形成类似“悬臂梁结构”,坡体原有深大结构面控制坡体稳定性;下行开采条件下,采空范围在断层之前,山体高度较小,在自重作用下“悬臂梁结构”岩层向断层及采空区方向协同变形,不会产生大量离层裂隙,煤层顶板仅发生断裂坍塌并充填采空区,采空至断层后,左侧山体已发生塌落,山体应力重分布,覆岩在自重作用下形成大量张拉裂隙,直接顶塌落高度与裂隙带高度也随采空区范围增加而增加。其变形破坏演化过程可概化为：地下开采卸荷–应力重分布→覆岩断裂下沉–裂隙扩展→坡体裂隙贯通–悬臂破坏→坡中变形挤出–岩桥剪断→坡体整体失稳破坏。     

频发微震下上覆软弱岩体边坡动力稳定及失稳模式

水库蓄水诱发的高频次微小地震对库岸边坡稳定性存在一定影响。采用振动台物理模型试验,结合UDEC离散元分析方法,以三峡库区杉树槽滑坡为原型,研究了频发微震作用下典型上覆软弱岩体边坡的累计损伤过程、动力响应特征及破坏模式。结果表明：在频发微震作用下,模型边坡自振频率不断降低,阻尼比不断升高,完整性降低;坡体加速度响应在初始阶段和微震阶段体现出“高程效应”和“趋表效应”,而在小震加载后,坡体动力响应与上述特征出现偏离;在反复微震下,坡体的破坏演化过程可概括为“次级节理发育→次级节理扩展→上部岩体破碎→后缘裂隙扩张→滑面贯通→边坡失稳破坏”阶段;离散元数值分析结果表明,上覆软弱岩体边坡在频发微震下的变形主要发生于岩层分界面以上,后缘裂隙以下的上部岩体,随着地震次数的增加,其永久位移不断增大,边坡稳定性系数不断降低,边坡破坏特征与振动台试验结果相吻合。     

Numerical modelling of the effects of joint spacing on rock fragmentation by TBM cutters

The influence of joint spacing on tunnel boring machine (TBM) penetration performance has been extensively observed at TBM site. However, the mechanism of rock mass fragmentation as function of the joint spacing has been scarcely studied. In this study, the rock indentation by a single TBM cutter is simulated by using the discrete element method (DEM), and the rock fragmentation process is highlighted. A series of two-dimensional numerical modelling with different joint spacing in a rock mass have been performed to explore the effect of joint spacing on rock fragmentation by a TBM cutter. Results show that the joint spacing can significantly influence the crack initiation and propagation, as well as the fragmentation pattern, and can hence affect the penetration rate of the TBM. Two crack initiation and propagation modes are found to fragment the rock mass due to the variation of joint spacing. The simulation results are analyzed and compared with in situ measurements.     

基于UDEC的保护层开采中覆岩移动规律的数值模拟与分析

本文利用UDEC3.0软件对近距离上保护层开采导致的覆岩移动及裂隙发育过程进行数值模拟。真实地反映了在开采保护层过程中覆岩移动及裂隙发育规律。利用UDEC3.0软件模拟煤层开采引起的覆层移动过程可以预知实际开采中瓦斯运移通道的动态分布,对防止瓦斯突出具有重要的指导意义。     

水平岩层软弱基座危岩体演化过程研究

以重庆市甄子岩29号危岩体为研究对象,基于现场调查和分析解剖,建立UDEC离散元数值计算模型,对其演化变形过程进行模拟分析。研究表明,在巨大的自重作用下,由于基座岩体岩质软,岩体较破碎,且基座外侧为直立的陡崖,具有完整的临空面,从而使基座岩体易发生压缩流变及剪切流变,进而使危岩体存在滑移垮塌的危险。     

Optimum model extent for numerical simulation of tunnel inflow in fractured rock

The objective of this study is the introduction of an optimum model extent in discontinuous rock masses for tunnel inflow assessment using numerical models. Tunnel groundwater inflow is an important problem in tunneling, and numerical simulation is widely used for estimating the amount of tunnel inflow. An adequate size of the model domain is of very high importance when using such models. On the one hand, if the tunnel boundary is too close to the outer model boundary, the simulated inflow rate into the tunnel is significantly overestimated (which will be shown in the present study). On the other hand, if the model domain is very large, models may become “unhandy”, and simulations become very expensive with respect to computer memory and CPU. In this technical note, an approach is presented that derives an optimum model extent for numerical simulation of tunnel inflow in fractured rock. The approach uses the two-dimensional universal distinct element code (UDEC). The impact of different model parameters, such as tunnel radius, groundwater level, joint spacing, joint dip/dip direction and joint aperture on the optimum model extent has been evaluated. Based on the results, an optimum model extent chart is presented that allows modelers a quick determination of the optimum model extent as a function of the most significant parameters, which are the tunnel depth under the groundwater level, tunnel radius and joint spacing.     

火区下煤层群开采裂隙发育规律研究

为保证火区下煤层群开采的安全可行,对石圪节3#煤层火区下煤层群开采形成的裂隙发育高度进行了理论计算,得出了3#煤层开采对底板的破坏深度及下组煤开采形成的裂隙发育高度,并对裂隙的分布规律进行了分析。同时,利用UDEC软件对开采造成的裂隙发育规律进行了数值模拟,模拟结果与计算结果基本相符,得出8#与9#煤层开切眼及停采线各内错10m时,裂隙发育高度及贯通程度较小。     

某矿UDEC数值模拟研究

利用UDEC软件对倾斜工作面开采导致的覆岩移动及裂隙发育过程进行数值模拟,真实反映了在开采过程中覆岩移动及裂隙发育规律,而且得出UDEC适用于模拟开采影响矿压规律的大变形问题研究。     

条带开采留设煤柱置换开采方法的数值模拟研究

如何在不影响地表建筑物的前提下,对条带开采留设煤柱进行再次开采,提高煤炭资源的采出率是煤矿开采面临的技术难题。本文利用UDEC数值模拟软件,对采用在条带开采留设煤柱内开挖充填置换巷道的开采方法进行了数值模拟,研究得出:在回采率为40%的条带开采基础上,置换开采可将回采率提高10%,且没有破坏煤柱和上覆岩层的稳定性;充填巷的条数要控制在两条以内并且要集中布置在留设煤柱中央;对于多个留设煤柱应采用顺序开采等结论。     

Comparison of empirical and numerical methods in tunnel stability analysis

The stability of a tunnel can be evaluated using mathematical solutions, empirical methods, or numerical modelling. Mathematical solutions are precise methods; however the need to conduct mathematical calculations usually decreases the user's desire to use this method. Empirical methods are based on the experience gathered by researchers in various parts of the world whereas numerical modelling utilises computing power and, using various modelling techniques, can be a precise way of solving very complex problems. In this method the environment and the geometry can be set by the user. This method allows the user to conduct sensitivity analysis. In this article, empirical methods and numerical modelling using UDEC software were used to conduct a stability analysis of the access tunnel at the Shahriar dam crest, which was one of the most important tunnels of this project. In addition, numerical modelling was used to predict the stresses and deformations around the perimeter of the tunnel, and select the most suitable ground support system. The results obtained from both methods were compared for selection of the best suited support system. The results indicated that the empirical methods presented similar results to the results of numerical modelling at the first stages of tunnel design in jointed rocks. Therefore, in the absence of sufficient information for numerical analysis, the results of the empirical method can be used for this project.