Steel production is an energy- and water-intensive process: large quantities of water are used for cooling, process and environmental-technical
applications. In the mid-1990s, Arcelor Gent, a large integrated carbon steel producing company in Flanders (Belgium), started
a number of water-related projects: the existing water infrastructure was adapted: the water from the coke plant was biologically
treated; canal water was demineralised using reverse osmosis; waste water from the blast furnaces was neutralised with alkaline
water from the steel plant. As a result of these projects, the quantity of discharged waste water was reduced by a factor
of 2 (water recycling doubled from a factor of 10 to a factor of 20), and the discharge of pollutants decreased. Also resource
consumption decreased: lime used in the steel plant, could be recovered to precipitate Zn in the waste water of the blast
furnaces.
Arcelor Gent obtained for these projects several Environmental Awards. 相似文献
Tunneling projects have their uniqueness in terms of engineering problems. The expertise gained from analyzing these projects establishes a sound basis for future application. This paper conveys experiences gained during the construction and support of the design of the Dicle–Kralkizi water tunnel, Turkey. Tunnel stability problems including overbreaks and surface subsidence are evaluated. An analysis of the breakdowns, factors controlling advance rate and the overall performance of tunnel are covered. The accumulated information presented here is believed to be useful and reliable for a successful tunnel excavation in similar formations. 相似文献
Since the launch of the ENVISAT satellite in 2002, the Radar Altimetry Mission provides systematic observations of the Earth topography. Among the different goals of the ENVISAT Mission, one directly concerns land hydrology: the monitoring of the water levels of lakes, wetlands, and rivers. The ENVISAT Geophysical Data Records products contain, over different type of surfaces, altimeter ranges derived from four specialized algorithms or retrackers. However, none of the retrackers are intended to the processing of the radar echoes over continental waters. A validation study is necessary to assess the performances of the different ENVISAT-derived water levels to monitor inland waters. We have selected four test-zones over the Amazon basin to achieve this validation study. We compare first the performances of these retracking algorithms to deliver reliable water levels for land hydrology. Comparisons with in-situ gauge stations showed that Ice-1 algorithm, based on the Offset Centre of Gravity technique, provides the more accurate water stages. Second, we examine the potentiality to combine water levels derived from different sensors (Topex/Poseidon, ERS-1 and -2, GFO). 相似文献
Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes were studied with respect to the formation of inorganic by-products in water electrolysis. Experiments in non-divided cells were performed with systems containing sulphate, chloride, chlorite, chlorate and nitrate ions. Discontinuous experiments in thermostated cells with rotating disk diamond anodes and expanded mesh IrO2 cathodes were carried out at 20 °C. Current density was varied between 50 and 300 A m−2. Ion chromatography was mainly used for species detection.
It was not possible to demonstrate the decomposition of sulphate although a slight tendency seems to exist in some experiments. Hydrogen peroxide is one of the anodic and cathodic by-products. Active chlorine is detectable at higher chloride concentrations compared with the use of mixed oxide anodes (MIO). One reason for this is the reaction of formed chlorine with ozone or hydrogen peroxide. Chlorate can be formed electrolysing chloride, hypochlorite and chlorite solutions. Perchlorate formation was detected. Cathodic processes are responsible for the formation of nitrite ions and ammonia. If chlorine is present, the formation of monochloramine is one possible side reaction. Results show that the processes are very complex. Reaction spectra may vary from case to case. Perchlorate formation is a high risk in drinking water treatment. 相似文献
This work addresses the issue of climate change in the context of water resource planning on the time scale of a few years.
Planning on this time scale generally ignores the role of climate change. However, where the climate of a region has already
shifted, the use of historical data for planning purposes may be misleading. In order to test this, a case study is conducted
for a region, the Australian Capital Territory, where long term drought is raising concerns of a possible climate shift. The
issue is cast in terms of a particular planning decision; the option to augment water supply in the next few years to hedge
against the drought persisting. A set of climate scenarios are constructed for the region corresponding to the historical
climate regime and to regimes where progressively greater levels of change are assumed to have already taken place (5%, 10%,
20% reductions in mean rainfall). Probabilities of the drought persisting are calculated for each of the scenarios. The results
show substantial increases in the probability of the drought persisting for even moderate reductions in mean rainfall. The
sensitivity of the decision to augment supply to the scenario results depends ultimately on the planners tolerable thresholds
for the probability of the drought persisting. The use of different scenarios enables planners to explore the sensitivity
of the decision in terms of their risk tolerance to ongoing drought and to their degree of belief in each of the scenarios
tested. 相似文献