HDN of 1–4 tetrahydroquinoline over MoNxOy and NbNxOy: effect of transition metal, solvent and ammonia

Oxynitrides of early transition metals are bifunctional catalysts active in hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). The strength of the hydrogenating function and the acidic properties of molybdenum and niobium oxynitrides were investigated, as well as the inhibiting effect of ammonia and the effect of solvent (cyclohexane or tetradecane) on HDN of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline (1–4 THQ). Even under high hydrogen pressure (4.5 MPa) the reaction was found to be able to proceed without hydrogenation of the aromatic cycle of 1–4 THQ before C–N bond scission, which is not the case over sulfided NiMo supported catalysts in HDN. Experiments in presence of ammonia permitted to support a bifunctional dual site concept. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

新型重整催化剂的研究——Pt／L中沸石酸碱性的作用

Ｐｔ／ＫＬ、Ｐｔ／ＢａＫＬ及Ｐｔ／ＨＬ上的铂与沸石的酸碱位发生相互作用，导致催化剂上存在不同电子状态和粒度分布的铂位，从而产生有着完全不同催化作用、不同抗硫性能的两类催化剂，即以碱性沸石为载体的“单功能”催化剂和以酸性沸石为载体的“双功能”催化剂。在Ｐｔ／ＫＬ、Ｐｔ／ＢａＫＬ催化剂上，存在着对硫敏感的具有环化脱氢功能和对硫不敏感的仅具有脱氢功能的两类铂活性位。     

Structure,texture and surface acidity studies of a series of mixed zinc–aluminum (60–90 molar % Al) phosphate catalysts

A series of mixed zinc–aluminum phosphate (ZnAlP) catalysts containing 40–90 aluminum molar % were synthesized by a coprecipitation method and characterized by nitrogen adsorption–desorption, X‐ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of ammonia. The presence of aluminum greatly affected the surface properties of Zn₃(PO₄)₂ by delaying the crystallization process of Zn₃(PO₄)₂. All amorphous samples were shown to be mesoporous and they contained two types of aluminum surface hydroxyl groups and one type of phosphorus hydroxyl group, as shown by DRIFT spectra. The specific surface area and the acidity of ZnAlP increased on increasing the aluminum content. On the other hand, a great difference in the texture and the concentration of surface acid sites was found by changing the precipitating agent and calcination temperature. Thus these factors also play an important role in the final properties of these catalysts. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Quality Evaluation of Shelled and Unshelled Macadamia Nuts by Means of Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR)

The quality of shelled and unshelled macadamia nuts was assessed by means of Fourier transformed near‐infrared (FT‐NIR) spectroscopy. Shelled macadamia nuts were sorted as sound nuts; nuts infected by Ecdytolopha aurantiana and Leucopteara coffeella; and cracked nuts caused by germination. Unshelled nuts were sorted as intact nuts (<10% half nuts, 2014); half nuts (March, 2013; November, 2013); and crushed nuts (2014). Peroxide value (PV) and acidity index (AI) were determined according to AOAC. PCA‐LDA shelled macadamia nuts classification resulted in 93.2% accurate classification. PLS PV prediction model resulted in a square error of prediction (SEP) of 3.45 meq/kg, and a prediction coefficient determination value (R_p²) of 0.72. The AI PLS prediction model was better (SEP = 0.14%, R_p² = 0.80). Although adequate classification was possible (93.2%), shelled nuts must not contain live insects, therefore the classification accuracy was not satisfactory. FT‐NIR spectroscopy can be successfully used to predict PV and AI in unshelled macadamia nuts, though.     

控ZSM-5分子筛酸性的方法研究进展(Ⅱ)非金属及金属改性

调控ZSM-5酸性一直是ZSM-5分子筛改性研究的重点。采用非金属、碱土金属及过渡金属等对ZSM-5分子筛进行元素掺杂改性是调控其酸性能的主要手段。可通过筛选改性元素种类、控制改性元素用量、对内外表面酸中心同时或分别改性等方法调控ZSM-5分子筛的酸性能。通常在一定范围内,磷、镁、钙元素掺杂改性后的ZSM-5分子筛强酸位点减少,而弱酸位点增加;硼元素掺杂改性后的ZSM-5分子筛只对弱酸位点发生作用;锌、镓元素掺杂改性后的ZSM-5分子筛会导致其B酸量减少,L酸量增加;铜、银元素掺杂改性后的ZSM-5分子筛由于发生氧化还原作用,其还原态Cu-ZSM-5和Ag-ZSM-5的B酸量较高,蒸汽稳定性较好,且裂解性能较高;钨元素掺杂改性后的ZSM-5分子筛也会使其酸量及酸强度降低。同时探讨了不同反应体系中分子筛酸性能与催化性能间的关系,为提高ZSM-5分子筛在各反应的催化性能提供依据。     

Catalytic Activities of Alcohol Transformations Over 8-Ring Zeolites

Aluminosilicate H/CHA and H/MTF zeolites show remarkably different catalytic activities in the methanol and ethanol transformations although they have similar pore size of 8-membered ring structures. Moreover, the produced ethylene is further converted on H/CHA, but H/MTF is not active for the ethylene transformation. The correlations between the distinct catalytic differences and their intrinsic structural properties, including topology and acidity, are discussed.     

Quality characteristics of strawberry genotypes at different maturation stages

The chemical composition and quality characteristics of nine promising hybrids and two varieties (“Osmanli” and “Camarosa”) of strawberries were evaluated for their quality attributes during ripening. Main soluble sugars, carboxylic acids, organic acids and ascorbic acid of experimental varieties were separated, identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array spectroscopic and refractive index detections. Titratable acidity (TA), pH, total soluble solids (TSS) and TSS/TA ratio and their correlations were determined at ripe maturation stages for the 11 genotypes. Hybrid no. 11, a new strawberry cultivar, had desired fruit quality characteristics similar to Osmanli, which has a pleasant taste and is popular in Turkey.     

Effect of Water Vapour on the Acidity of ZSM-5 Zeolite Used for Catalytic Cracking of Naphtha to Manufacture Ethylene and Propylene

The change in acidity of the ZSM-5 zeolite was investigated after it was treated with water vapour, and its capability on ammonia adsorption was also studied after having adsorbed water vapour. The effect of water vapour on products distribution was studied during catalytic cracking of naphtha, the changes in the adsorption ability and catalytic performance of the ZSM-5 zeolite was investigated after the catalyst was loaded with phosphorus species. These results all indicated that water vapour could reduce the acid strength and acid density of ZSM-5 zeolite and affect the capability of ZSM-5 on adsorption of gases, therefore the activated energy contributed by the ZSM-5 zeolite to the catalytic cracking reaction would be low to prevent the feedstock from deepened catalytic cracking and coke formation.     

Alkylation of hydroquinone with tert-butanol over AlSBA-15 mesoporous molecular sieves

A series of AlSBA-15 catalysts with different pore size and different Si/Al ratio were prepared and characterized by N₂ adsorption and NH₃-temperature programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD) methods. Their catalytic behaviors for the alkylation of hydroquinone with tert-butanol were studied and compared with that of HZSM-5, HY, HAlMCM-41. It is found that the catalytic activity correlates well with the amount of medium-strong acid sites on the surface of the catalysts, and the selectivity towards 2-tert-Butylhydroquinone has some connection with the pore size of the catalysts. The reusability of the catalyst depends on its hydrothermal stability, which needs to be improved for the AlSBA-15 catalysts.     

环保/水质测试仪器的进展

介绍了最常用的水质参数－－酸碱度，电导率／电阻率，溶介氧，固体悬浮物／浊度的测试和进展。