Development of the Acidity of Zirconia-Supported Niobia Catalysts

A series of NbO _x /ZrO₂ catalysts containing up to 2.67wt Nb (ca. 80 nominal surface coverage) was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation from niobium oxalate and oxalic acid solution. The structure of the catalysts was monitored by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicated the presence of a surface Nb phase. No evidence for the formation of crystalline Nb₂O₅ species was found. The development of the acidity as a function of Nb loading was monitored by adsorption of a basic probe molecule followed by infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated the appearance of Brnsted acid sites for a threshold of Nb loading. The abundance of Brnsted acid sites correlated well with the isopropanol dehydration activity. The overall behavior was very similar to that reported earlier for the WO _x /ZrO₂ system.     

Fluorinated γ-alumina aerogels and xerogels: characterisation and catalytic behaviour

The porosity of -alumina-based materials is an important parameter affecting the extent of fluorination (aerogels > commercial -Al₂O₃ > xerogels) and, consequently, also the textural, acidic and catalytic properties of the final fluorinated materials. Only the highly fiuorinated aluminas having strong Lewis acidic sites catalyse the isomerisation of CHF₂CHF₂ to CF₃CH₂F.     

二段转化废热锅炉炉管腐蚀的探讨

对合成氨新工艺二段转化炉后废热锅炉炉管运行情况进行分析，指出在运行过程中，因磷酸在钠在特定的环境中，在高温条件下，转化为焦磷酸钠或六偏磷酸钠，使炉水变为酸性，造成炉管酸性腐蚀。     

NO adsorption on Cu-ZSM-5: assignment of IR band at 2133 cm−1

The adsorption of nitrogen oxides on Cu-ZSM-5 was studied by infrared spectroscopy to elucidate the species associated with the band at 2133 cm^–1. The band was found for both NO and NO₂ adsorption. Labeling experiments with¹⁵NO revealed that the associated surface species contained nitrogen and, most likely, an N-O bond. Co-adsorption experiments of NO and oxygen produced adsorbed nitronium, NO ₂ ⁺ , as the principal, associated species. Adsorption of nitrogen oxides on dispersed CuO and the HZSM-5 support demonstrated that the 2133 cm^–1 band was not necessarily associated with copper ions. A relatively strong correlation between the bands at 2133 and 3615 cm^–1 indicates that the primary adsorption sites of NO ₂ ⁺ are the strongly protic, bridging Si(OH)Al framework hydroxyls. Once these were filled, other, weaker acid sites began to adsorb NO ₂ ^O .     

Silica Nanoboxes as New Nano-structured Materials: Their Secondary Synthesis from Alumina-Rich Zeolites

Novel silica nanoboxes were prepared by controlled dealumination of Na-X and Ca-A type zeolites using ammonium hexafluorosilicate (AHFS). The silica-richer the parent zeolite, the smaller the average pore size produced and the narrower the pore size distribution obtained. This was due to the specific reactivity of the extracting agent with the zeolite framework aluminum atoms. High temperature calcination of the dealuminated X-zeolite (ammonium form) resulted in mesoporous materials exhibiting an ink-bottle shape, a quite high surface area (330 m²/g, no micropores), an average pore diameter of 4.5 nm with a quite narrow pore size distribution (± 1.0 nm) and finally, a pore opening diameter of 3.9 nm. The latter was determined by using the nitrogen sorption isotherms (BET technique) and related pore volume data. The sorption behavior also suggested the interconnecting character of the newly created nanoboxes. The periodicity of these nanoboxes throughout the mesoporous material was clearly shown by X-ray powder diffraction at very small angles. These materials, herein called monomodal nanoboxes because of the absence of micropores in the structure, were also thermally stable. Incorporation of orthosilicate into the obtained silica nanoboxes, in accordance with the recently developed technique for pore size engineering in zeolites, led to materials with smaller pore openings but having almost the same textural properties. Solid superacidic materials were prepared by incorporating a liquid superacid (triflic acid or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid) into the silica nanoboxes using the wet impregnation technique. The maximum triflic acid loading which did not significantly affect the mesoporous framework of the materials was 24 wt%. As a reference, the maximum loading of less acidic sulfuric acid was slightly lower. All this showed the high chemical stability of the silica nanoboxes for supporting very acidic species. Temperature-programmed desorption using a combined DTA/TGA system allowed the identification of the bound phases and some liquid phase of the loaded triflic acid.     

盐酸生产与分析中应注意的几个问题

对盐酸质量分析中出现的酸度低、酸度分析指示剂不显色等问题进行了讨论。     

Lewis acidity as an explanation for oxide promotion of metals: implications of its importance and limits for catalytic reactions

Sub-monolayer quantities of metal oxides are found to influence CO hydrogenation, CO₂ hydrogenation, acetone hydrogenation, ethylene hydroformylation, ethylene hydrogenation, and ethane hydrogenolysis over Rh foils. The metal oxides investigated include AlOx, TiOx, VOx, FeOx, ZrOx, NbOx, TaOx, and WOx. Only those reactions involving the hydrogenation of C-O bonds are enhanced by the oxide overlayers. The coverage at which maximum rate enhancement occurs is approximately 0.5 ML for each oxide promoter. Titanium, niobium, and tantalum oxides are the most effective promoters. XPS measurements after reaction show that of the oxides studied titanium, niobium, and tantalum oxide overlayers are stable in the highest oxidation states. The trend in promotion effectiveness is attributed to the direct relationship between oxidation state and Lewis acidity. For the oxide promoters, bonding at the metal oxide/metal interface between the O-end of adsorbed CO and the Lewis acidic oxide is postulated to facilitate C-O bond dissociation and subsequent hydrogenation.     

酸奶在储藏过程中酸度、pH值、细菌的变化

将酸奶储藏在不同温度条件下,通过测得其酸度、pH值和乳酸菌活菌数,得出使酸奶的品质变化最小、货架期较长的最佳储藏条件和酸奶的最佳饮用期.先将同批酸奶分别置于常温、4℃和-18℃下,在储藏期不同时间点进行观察,测定其pH值、酸度,观察其感官变化.采用平板菌落计数法计算活菌数.研究表明,常温储藏5 d的酸奶菌含量最高达到4.6×108cfu/mL,酸度为85.7°T,pH=4.08,有少量乳清析出,口感适宜;4℃储藏13 d的酸奶菌含量最高达到4.6×108cfu/mL,酸度为85.5°T,pH=4.05,口感适宜;-18℃储藏19 d的酸奶菌含量最高达到4.5×108cfu/mL,酸度为85.5°T,pH=4.06,但组织结构已发生改变.故4℃储藏的酸奶13 d内饮用最好.     

海红果苹果复合汁酿酒工艺研究

为了改善苹果酒生产中酸度低、单宁少的缺陷,以红富士苹果为原料,经榨汁、护色、海红果汁调整成分、发酵、澄清等工艺生产苹果酒,并与柠檬酸调整苹果汁成分的发酵进行对比,得出海红果汁调节苹果汁酸度酿造苹果酒优于传统的柠檬酸调酸,其优化工艺条件为:初始pH3.6,初始糖度24°Brix,发酵温度20℃,酵母接种量为0.3‰,在此条件下所得苹果酒金黄色,果香酒香协调浓郁,酒体复杂丰满.     

SO_4~(2-)改性对Ce、Ti基催化剂NH_3-SCR脱硝性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了几种不同的金属氧化物催化剂(Ce-Pr-Ox、Ce-Y-Ox、Ti-PrOx、Ti-Y-Ox、Ti-Al-Ox),并对其进行了硫酸盐改性.实验同时考察了SO2-4改性对催化剂氨选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)活性和催化剂结构组成的影响.经SO2-4改性的催化剂,NOx转化率在低温和高温均有显著提高,其中,活性最好的Ce-Pr-Ox在350~500℃范围内转化率接近100%.XRD、IR分析结果表明,催化剂经硫酸盐改性后,催化剂出现了结晶态硫酸盐;催化剂中存在M-SO2-4(M=Al,Pr和Y)键,表明了金属氧化物与硫酸盐发生了相互作用.而经SO2-4改性后催化剂优越的SCR脱硝性能与催化剂酸性位点增加密切相关.