Preliminary Research on Desulfurization of Simulated Diesel Fuel with Peroxotungstate Biquaternary Ammonium Salt/H2O2 System

Abstract

A biquaternary ammonium salt catalyst, chloride-1,4-dibenzyl-diaza-bi-cyclo [2.2.2] octane peroxotungstate (peroxotungstate biquaternary ammonium salt), was prepared, the structure of which was determined through infrared spectrometry, and was applied in desulfurization of simulated diesel fuel. Under the circumstances in which the close ion-pair of biquaternary ammonium cation and peroxotungstate anion was formed, the mechanism of phase transfer catalysis was offered with analyzing experimental process and data. The desulfurization efficiency reached 99.35% when the reaction temperature was 60°C, the reaction time was 20 min, and the molar ratio of peroxotungstate biquaternary ammonium salt to H₂O₂ was 0.015.     

Facile preparation of Cr2O3 nanoparticles and their use as an active catalyst on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate

ABSTRACT

Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles were prepared by repeated wet mechanical milling technique. Three drying methods, oven drying, vacuum drying, and vacuum freeze-drying were comparatively used to dry Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles. These processes can be easily scaled up to 10-kg quantities. It took only 2–3 h to cut bulk size to nanometer by milling. The obtained Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles are semi-spherical and homogeneous with an average size of 30 nm measured by SEM and TEM and show similar diffraction peak positions to bulk one investigated by XRD. The TG/DSC study indicated that, compared with bulk Cr₂O₃, Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles obtained by oven drying and vacuum drying, the catalytic performance of Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles obtained by vacuum freeze-drying is the best in lowering the peak temperature of high temperature decomposition and the activation energy, while increasing the apparent decomposition heat and the reaction rate constant of ammonium perchlorate (AP) due to their good dispersion and large specific surface area. The possible catalytic mechanism of Cr₂O₃ on the thermal decomposition of AP was proposed by TG-MS analysis. These findings showed that wet mechanical milling technique combined with vacuum freeze-drying technology is suitable for efficient preparation of Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles, which could be a promising additive for accelerating the thermal decomposition of AP.     

Combustion Characteristics and Propulsive Performance of Boron/Ammonium Perchlorate Mixtures in Microtubes

A microthruster is used for the operation tracking and posture control of microsatellites. In this work, the combustion characteristics and propulsive performance of a boron/ammonium perchlorate (B/AP) propellant mixture for a microthruster were investigated. Amorphous B and AP were used in different mass ratios to prepare the propellant samples. A laser-ignition solid micropropulsion test system was set up, and a differential scanning calorimeter was used. The solid combustion products of the samples with good performance were collected. Microstructural and component analyses of the combustion products were performed. Various performance parameters, including the combustion temperature, combustion velocity, spectral intensity, ignition delay time, thrust, specific impulse, density specific impulse, and heat flow, changed with the fuel–oxidant ratio. The optimal fuel–oxidant mass ratio of the propellant samples was 40%, with a density specific impulse of 0.474 kg/m²?s and a maximum heat flow of 4.4913 mW/mg. Analysis of the combustion products revealed that the clearance between particles significantly diminished after combustion. During combustion, the AP completely decomposed, and a large amount of H₃BO₃, B₂O₃, and HBO₂ was generated.     

Water quality and growth of phytoplankton for the Yellow River estuary reservoirs—The nutrients release from reservoir sediments

Effects of nutrients released from sediments on eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs were not well known in China. In the test, the release conditions of nitrogen and phosphorus from the sediments were observed by batch experiment. The test results revealed that the content released is correlated to the initial content of organic matter in sediments. In the Gengjing area, when the water quality of waterway, grit chamber and reservoir were compared, the water quality of the waterway was the highest, and lowered in the order of the grit chamber and the reservoir. The grit chamber could get not only fine sand removal but also the organic substance, nitrogen, phosphorus and phytoplankton, therefore it is important to operate and maintain the grit chamber to preserve the water quality of the reservoir. Due to little organic substance in sediments, ammonium nitrogen and phosphorus weren’t released during the incubation. But from the absorptiometric turbidity unit (ATU) test results, although the release of ammonium concentration was very low, ammonium oxidizing and nitrite oxidizing bacteria existed in sediments.     

超支化聚酯季铵盐抗静电剂的合成及其应用

在氢氧化钠催化条件下,用环氧氯丙烷对超支化聚酯Boltorn H20端羟基进行接枝改性,得到中间体H20Cl,再将该中间体与十六烷基二甲基叔胺进行季铵化反应,合成一种新型超支化聚酯季铵盐抗静电剂H20C16N。通过探讨影响接枝率及H20C16N产率的主要因素,采用FT-IR、元素分析和XPS表征了抗静电剂的结构和性能。研究结果表明,当n(H20)∶n(环氧氯丙烷)=1∶16,50℃反应24 h,接枝率为83.73%;50℃季铵化反应12 h,产率为60.63%。将此抗静电剂应用于涤纶织物,整理后的涤纶织物静电压为0.01 kV,半衰期为0.00 s;水洗10次后,织物静电压为0.74 kV,半衰期为0.11 s。     

Antibacterial activity of quaternary ammonium salt grafted cotton

Cotton having good antibacterial activity can be obtained without the need for a binding chemical as a cross linker or the need for chemically pre-treated antibacterial agent. The procedure of synthesis consists in grafting an alkali-cellulose fibre by a quaternary ammonium salt: Epoxy propyltrimethylammonium chloride (EPTMAC). The characterization of grafted cotton (EPTMAC-Cotton) has been targeted on the nitrogen and the methyl group in the ammonium graft structure, by using some analytical techniques, such as infrared, NMR spectroscopy, and volumetric measurement. The antibacterial activity of EPTMAC-Cotton has been studied using four kinds of bacterial stains (Escherichia coli 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853, Staphylococcus aureus 259223 and Salmonella LT2DT104 typhimirium). An optimization of conditions of culture medium has been carried out for the bacterial strain for which the modified cotton presents the best antibacterial activity. This optimization is achieved while varying the most important parameters influencing the bacterial growth. We have chosen the pH and the sodium chloride concentration as variable parameters, and we have applied an experiment plant, in order to consider all possible combinations of experiments, and therefore, to estimate the effect of each factor, as well as the effect of their interaction. It has been noticed that a quaternary ammonium salt (EPTMAC) is an efficient antibacterial agent, especially against salmonella in alkaline medium slightly concentrated in salt, and its action depends, in some manner, on the whitening procedure of cotton.     

Reverse micellar extraction of bovine serum albumin – A comparison between the effects of gemini surfactant and its corresponding monomeric surfactant

Gemini surfactant displayed distinct advantages over monomeric surfactant in the liquid–liquid reverse micellar extraction process. First, less amount of gemini surfactant than monomeric surfactant was needed for transferring almost complete bovine serum albumin (BSA) into organic phase from aqueous phase. Second, the loading capacity of gemini surfactant reverse micelle phase was much higher than that of the corresponding monomeric surfactant reverse micelle. Third, efficient backward extraction (75–92%) of BSA could be effected in a wide pH range from 4 to 9 with gemini surfactant reverse micelle while a pH of ca. 4.3 is prerequisite to the recovery of BSA from monomeric surfactant reverse micelle. So far, the reports about the effect of surfactant structure on protein extraction have been limited. This study indicates the important role of the spacer of gemini surfactant in protein extraction process and may provide more knowledge on how to optimise surfactant structure.     

食盐中柠檬酸铁铵测定方法的研究

文章研究了以邻菲啰啉作为显色剂,通过光度法测定铁含量,从而间接测定食盐中柠檬酸铁铵含量的检测方法.方法改善了显色条件,使检测结果准确可靠,操作过程快速、简单.通过条件实验,确定了合适的试剂添加量.通过干扰试验,验证了该方法可以排除食盐中常见的钙、镁、钾、碘、硫酸根离子的干扰.此方法对柠檬酸铁铵的检出限为0.1μg/mL,且在测定体系中柠檬酸铁铵含量为0.1 mg～0.5 mg之间具有良好的线性,线性相关系数为0.999 9.采用此方法测定20次柠檬酸铁铵含量为23 mg/kg的样品的标准偏差为0.35 mg/kg.     

硝酸铵-钼酸铵-微晶酚酞体系分离富集铅(Ⅱ)

Pb²⁺作为一种具有生物蓄积毒性的重金属离子,严重危害着环境和人体健康,微痕量Pb²⁺的分离富集工作一直是研究热点。固相萃取技术虽能够获得较高的富集率,但材料的制备较为繁琐,应用上受到了限制。实验利用钼酸铵作为微痕量Pb²⁺的沉淀剂,建立了一种以微晶酚酞作吸附剂分离富集微痕量Pb²⁺的方法。分别考察了钼酸铵溶液的用量、酚酞溶液用量、酸度、盐的类型及用量、吸附温度、吸附时间、Pb²⁺的初始浓度对富集率的影响。结果表明,当体系中Pb²⁺的含量为100 μg时,控制体系的pH=3~7,加入1.0 mL 5.0×10^-4 mol/L钼酸铵溶液,1.0 g 硝酸铵,0.3 mL 70 g/L酚酞乙醇溶液,震荡摇匀后,静置10 min,Pb²⁺与钼酸铵反应生成的离子缔合物被定量吸附到微晶酚酞表面上,从而实现了微痕量Pb²⁺的分离富集。方法成功应用于合成水样中微痕量Pb²⁺的定量分离,富集率在95%～105%,能够满足微痕量Pb²⁺的分离富集要求。