NH3-NO/NO2 SCR for diesel exhausts after treatment: mechanism and modelling of a catalytic converter

We review herein the key mechanistic and kinetic features of the reactions involved in the NH₃-NO/NO₂ SCR system investigated by dynamic reactive experiments over a V-based commercial powdered catalyst, eventually leading to the proposal of an original redox scheme which accounts for stoichiometry, selectivity and intrinsic kinetics of the global SCR process.     

Graft polymerization of vinyl acetate onto granular starch: Comparison on the potassium persulfate and ceric ammonium nitrate initiated system

This work was undertaken to discuss in depth the vital differences in the morphological development during synthesis, and properties of starch‐g‐poly‐(vinyl acetate) copolymers using two different initiators, potassium persulfate (KPS) and ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN). KPS‐initiated system gave relatively low values of grafting ratio and grafting efficiency, indicating a great tendency for the formation of poly(vinyl acetate) homopolymer (PVAc). Yet, higher values were seen for the CAN‐initiated system. Transmission electron microscope observations indicated a relatively broad distribution of latex particles for the KPS‐initiated system. The surface potential of latex particles was about ?3.5 mV, which turned out to be insufficient to maintain stability of latex particles. On the other hand, a uniform particle size distribution was found for the CAN‐initiated system, as the surface potential of latex particles was 21.5 mV. Moreover, radicals on starch molecules were generated directly through a redox reaction with positively charged ceric ion. The hydrophobic PVAc chains were thus grafted on starch, resulting in an amphiphilic graft copolymer, which provides a sufficient stabilization degree as a role of surfactant to render a relatively uniform distribution of latex particles. The synthesized starch‐g‐poly(vinyl acetate) copolymers were further converted to starch‐g‐poly(vinyl alcohol) through saponification, which were subjected to evaluations regarding the biodegradation and cell culture capability. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3017–3027, 2006     

Reaction products of ammonium nitrate phosphate fertilizers of varying water-soluble phosphorus content in different Indian soils

Studies were undertaken on the isolation and identification of reaction products of ammonium nitrate phosphate (ANP) fertilizers containing 30, 50 and 70 per cent water-soluble phosphorus (WSP) of total phosphorus in representative soils of the vertisol, oxisol, alfisol, entisol, mollisol and aridisol groups of India. ANP fertilizers were applied in solid form to soil, and reaction products formed at and around the site of ANP fertilizer placement were identified after six weeks incubation in moist soils by X-ray diffraction technique. DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate- CaHPO₄ · 2H₂O) was the major reaction product of ANP fertilizers containing 30 and 50 per cent WSP in vertisol, entisol, aridisol, mollisol, oxisol and alfisol, and of ANP containing 70 per cent WSP in vertisol, entisol, alfisol, aridisol and mollisol. DCP (dicalcium phosphate-CaHPO₄) was detected with ANP of 30 and 50 per cent WSP in the vertisol, alfisol, entisol, mollisol and aridisol groups of soils. In addition to DCPD, FePO₄ · 2H₂O (metastrengite) and AlPO₄ · 2H₂ O-monoclinic (metavariscite) were formed in alfisol and oxisol soils with ANP of 30 and 50 per cent WSP. FePO₄ · 2H₂O and AlPO₄ · 2H₂O (metavariscite) were identified in alfisol and oxisol soils while AlPO₄ · 2H₂O-orthorhombic (variscite) was formed in alfisol soils with ANP of 70 per cent WSP.     

Ammonium transformation in paddy soils affected by the presence of nitrate

Coupled nitrification and denitrification is considered as one of the main pathways of nitrogen losses in paddy soils. The effect of NO₃ ^– on NH₄ ⁺ transformation was investigated by using the ¹⁵N technique. The paddy soils were collected from Wuxi (soil pH 5.84) and Yingtan (soil pH 5.02), China. The soils were added with either urea (18.57 mol urea-N enriched with 60 atom% ¹⁵N excess) plus 2.14 mol KNO₃-N (natural abundance) per gram soil (U+NO₃) or urea alone (U). The KNO₃ was added 6 days after urea addition. The incubation was carried out under flooded condition in either air or N₂ gas headspace at 25°C. The results showed that in air headspace, ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ oxidization was so fast that about 10% and 8% of added ¹⁵N in the treatment U could be oxidized during the incubation period of 73 hours after KNO₃ addition in Wuxi and Yingtan soil, respectively. The addition of KNO₃ significantly inhibited ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ oxidation (p<0.01) in air headspace, while it stimulated ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ oxidation in N₂ gas headspace, although the oxidation was depressed by the N₂ gas headspace itself. Therefore, the accumulation of NO₃ ^– would inhibit further nitrification of NH₄ ⁺ at micro-aerobic sites in paddy soils, especially in paddy soils with a low denitrification rate. On the other hand, NO₃ ^– would lead to oxidation of NH₄ ⁺in anaerobic bulk soils.     

含氟聚合物的合成概述

概述了无定型含氟树脂、可熔性聚四氟乙烯（PFA）、热塑性氟塑料THV、聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）等含氟聚合物新品种的性能和合成方法。     

Fluoroelastomers-dependence of relaxation phenomena on composition

The dynamic-mechanical properties of some fluoroelastomers were determined as a function of composition at low frequency (≈ 1 Hz), by means of a free oscillation torsion pendulum, between −180°C and the softening point. Vinylidenefluoride (VDF)-hexafluoropropene (HFP) copolymers of molar composition 0–39% HFP and terpolymers of VDF and HFP with up to 30mol% tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and a constant VDF to HFP molar ratio of 3.4 were considered. Two relaxation processes typical of the amorphous phase were found. The first, located at about −87°C, is related to local motions and the transition temperature was found to be independent of composition for copolymers, while it depends on TFE molar content for terpolymers. The second is related to the glass transition and the transition temperature depends on the composition. However, for semicrystalline copolymers the double glass transition phenomenon was observed. When crystallinity goes to zero at about 20 mol% HFP, only one transition is observed. It was also found that ordered structures can take place for terpolymers when TFE molar concentration exceeds 20%. The crystal disorder transition of pure PVDF (75°C) is observed also for low HFP concentrations but the transition temperature is strongly reduced. Analogies between the VDF-HFP and E-P systems are also discussed.     

重钙装置改产磷铵反应与尾气洗涤系统设备出现的问题

介绍瓮福磷肥厂重钙(TSP)装置改产DAP后,反应与尾气洗涤系统料浆泵、搅拌器、反应器、洗涤泵、重要阀门在运行中出现的问题及处理措施.     

次氯酸钠氧化法测定聚丙烯酰胺浓度的研究

阐述了次氯酸钠氧化法（浊度法）测定部分水解聚丙烯酰胺浓度的反应机理，研究了聚丙烯酰胺的相对分子质量、次氯酸钠溶液浓度、反应时间对吸光度值的影响，针对大庆油田杏二中三元复合驱采出水中含有碱和表面活性剂、pH值高、黏度大、富集硫化物和亚硫酸根等特点，提出采用过硫酸铵一浊度法检测三元复合驱采出水中聚丙烯酰胺浓度。     

中低品位膨润土的有机化及在泥浆中的应用

以新疆乌兰陵格产中低品位钠基膨润土为原料,用十六烷基三甲基铵盐(氯化物D1631和溴化物CTAB)作插层剂,制备有机膨润土。通过实验确定了制备有机膨润土的季铵盐加入量是85～90mmol/100g土。用红外(FTIR)、X-衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)表征了有机土结构。FTIR谱显示有机插层剂已进入膨润土的层间,XRD特征峰位移表明膨润土的层间距由1.23nm增加到3.26nm。SEM观察到有机土形貌显著改变,颗粒松散。结果表明膨润土的层间距增大,粒层厚度约为72nm左右。测试了有机膨润土的钻井油基泥浆性能,结果表明,其塑性粘度为7.0mPa·s,表观粘度为8.5mPa·s,动切力为1.5Pa,滤失量40.0mL,均已达到钻井液用有机土的质量指标要求。     

氟树脂性能与加工应用(续10)

介绍了聚四氟乙烯悬浮树脂成型加工有关的物理性能,树脂的成型加工及选用方法.分别叙述了模压成型、自动模压成型和液压成型的原理、过程及设备.