Green Tax Reforms and Computational Economics A Do-it-yourself Approach

The double or even triple dividend hypothesis of green tax reforms has beena major issue of dispute in both the scientific community and the politicalarena during the last decade. Theoretical analysis has provided a number ofimportant qualitative insights to the debate but lacks of actual policyrelevance due to very restrictive assumptions. Applied research that takes thestep from stylized analytical to complex numerical models usually comes as ablackbox to non-expert modelers. This paper aims at bridging the gap betweenstylized theoretical work and numerical analysis. We develop a flexible,interactive simulation model which is accessible underhttp://brw.zew.de. Users can specify their own green tax reforms andevaluate the induced economic and environmental effects. Based on illustrativesimulations, we demonstrate the usefulness of our do-it-yourself approach fora better understanding of the double (triple) dividend hypothesis.     

折线滑面滑体的稳定分析方法的改进

本文根据刚体极限平衡分析原理，考虑各块体的力矩平衡和块间的嵌合作用，假定作用于块体的已知外力所产生的应力呈线性分布，推导出确定其作用力数值、方向和作用点，以及整体抗滑稳定安全系数的方法和公式。并通过实用研究了嵌合作用、分界面倾角等对反力分布和安全系数的影响，与常用方法的计算结果作了比较，说明本方法有较大的适用性，可应用于工程设计。     

正庚烷-甲苯-三甘醇三元体系液-液相平衡数据的测定与关联

利用气相色谱法测定了常压下２５℃、４０℃和５０℃时正庚烷－甲苯－三甘醇体系的液－液相平衡数据，采用峰面积归一化法定量，所得数据准确、可靠。用ＮＲＴＬ模型对所测数据进行了热力学关联，求出了相应的模型参数。用该模型对本三元体系进行了预测，结果令人满意。     

Basic concept and decentralized autonomous control of super‐distributed energy systems

New small‐scale dispersed generation systems, such as fuel cells and micro gas turbines, have made remarkable advances lately and they will be applied practically in the near future. Although a large number of researches on the introduction of small‐scale dispersed generation systems have been carried out, only a small number of small‐scale dispersed generation systems are considered in these researches. Therefore, little is known about problems to be solved when a large number of small‐scale dispersed generation systems are introduced into electric power systems. This paper deals with a super‐distributed energy system that consists of a great number of dispersed generation systems such as fuel cells, micro gas turbines, and so on. The behavior of a customer with a dispersed generation system is simulated as the Ising model in statistical mechanics. The necessity of a distribution network in super‐distributed energy systems is discussed based on the Ising model. The feasibility of decentralized autonomous control using vicinity information is also investigated on the basis of stability analysis of the Hopfield neural network model. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 151(1): 43–55, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10368     

Optimal Control of Solar Sludge Dryers

Optimal control (OC) methodology is used to develop a control policy for a batch-operated solar sludge dryer with ventilation as the dominant control. Batch performance criteria and instantaneous optimization criteria are developed for two economic environments: quota limited and capital limited. The general formulation, as well as simplifications resulting from the multiplicative form of the evaporation (drying) rate model, are presented. The multiplicative form results in a single constant number, called here “control intensity,” which is used to guide the on-line control decisions. These decisions turn out to be independent of the dry solids content (DSC) of the sludge. Further simplification, by assuming a strictly constant weather, is used to demonstrate the general effects of the economic and physical (weather) environment on the solution.

The OC approach is used to address, via simulation under realistic weather conditions, several design, operation, and pricing problems. In particular, the following have been considered: sizing of the ventilation fans, determination of a fair fee for sludge disposal, finding the best final DSC, and evaluating the effect of the price of electricity. Regarding the particular location represented by the data, it has been shown that the installed capacity of the ventilation fans should be increased and that there seems to be sufficient economic incentive for solar drying.     

Acidic and basic hydrolysis of poly(N‐vinylformamide)

Poly(N‐vinylformamide) (PNVF) was synthesized and hydrolyzed to poly(vinylamine) (PVAm) in both HCl and NaOH solutions. The hydrolysis kinetics and the equilibrium hydrolysis were examined experimentally at different temperatures, polymer concentrations, and acid‐ or base‐to‐amide molar ratios. The hydrolysis kinetics strongly depended on temperature, polymer, and HCl or NaOH concentrations, but showed little dependence on PNVF molecular weight. The acid hydrolysis of PNVF exhibited limited conversions because of the electrostatic repulsion among the cationic amine groups generated during hydrolysis and proton hydrates. In the basic hydrolysis, complete amide conversions were observed when the NaOH/amide molar ratios were greater than unity. The effects of temperature and PNVF concentration on the equilibrium amide conversion appeared to be negligible in both acidic and basic hydrolysis. The equilibrium conversions of base hydrolysis were higher than those of acidic hydrolysis under the same reaction conditions. At NaOH/amide ratios of less than unity, the equilibrium hydrolysis experiments revealed that one base molecule could induce the hydrolysis of more than one amide group. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3412–3419, 2002     

Photovoltaic-integrated building facades

Photovoltaic (PV) cells, when integrated within a building facade, offer the possibility of generating electric power and heat for local use or export. This paper reports on a project to investigate the practical operational efficiencies that might be delivered from such facades. The results from laboratory experiments and computer simulations are presented: the former were used to develop an empirical relationship between cell temperature and power output; the latter were undertaken to assess operational efficiencies under a range of climate conditions representative of the UK.     

碱-碳酸盐反应热力学讨论

应用热力学方法探讨了温度对碱 碳酸盐反应的影响 ,反应温度升高时 ,反应的推动力减弱。对碱与碳酸盐发生反应生成沉淀时所需碱的浓度以及温度的影响进行了讨论。 2 98K ,pH≥ 10 .6时 ,碱 碳酸盐反应能发生 ,反应温度升高 ,碱 碳酸盐反应所需碱的浓度相应增大。对氢氧化锂与碳酸盐反应可能生成碳酸锂沉淀时溶液的碱的浓度作了计算 ,2 98K ,pH≥ 13.1时 ,氢氧化锂与碳酸盐反应除生成水镁石和方解石外还能生成碳酸锂沉淀 ,反应温度升高时 ,反应生成碳酸锂沉淀所需碱的浓度变化不大     

基于地面先验的3D目标检测算法

为了提高自动驾驶汽车环境感知的性能,增强单目相机对障碍物三维和边界信息的感知能力,提出了一种基于地面先验的3D目标检测算法。基于优化的中心网络(CenterNet)模型,以DLA(deep layer aggregation)为主干网络,增加目标3D边沿框中心点冗余信息预测。根据自动驾驶场景的地面先验信息,结合针孔相机模型,获取目标3D中心深度信息,以优化深度网络学习效果。使用KITTI 3D数据集评测算法性能,结果表明:在保证2D目标检测准确性的基础上,该算法运行帧率约20 fps,满足自动驾驶感知实时性要求;同时相比于CenterNet模型,在平均方位角得分(average orientation score)和鸟视图平均准确率(bird eye view AP)上分别有4.4和4.4%的性能提升。因而,该算法可以提高自动驾驶汽车对障碍物三维和边界信息的感知能力。     

反倾岩质边坡弯曲倾倒-剪切滑移破坏分析方法研究

目前反倾岩质边坡弯曲倾倒破坏分析方法仍以基于极限平衡理论的悬臂梁模型为主,但大多未考虑坡脚岩层的剪切破坏。为准确评价该类边坡的稳定性,建立考虑坡脚岩层剪切破坏的分析计算方法。首先,根据岩层变形破坏特征,将边坡分为后缘稳定区、中部弯曲倾倒区和前缘剪切区3个区域;其次,建立弯曲倾倒-剪切滑移破坏模式的稳定性分析方法;最后,通过工程实例验证,并进行参数分析。研究结果表明:提出的分析方法与工程实际符合性较好;边坡在倾角较陡、坡角较大时稳定性最差,坡角对边坡稳定性影响大于岩层倾角的影响;岩层厚度及层面内摩擦角增加有利于边坡稳定性,且会扩大坡脚剪切区范围。研究成果对反倾岩质边坡破坏的防治具有实践指导意义。