从失效催化剂中回收钌的研究进展

总结了从失效催化剂中回收钌的多种方法和工艺,重点介绍了常用的熔融氧化蒸馏法。熔融氧化蒸馏法由于工艺繁杂、步骤冗长、对设备要求高等缺点,近年来不同学者和行业专家先后提出了还原沉淀法、直接氧化法和活泼金属置换法等方法,但尚未有工业化应用的报道。简化工艺流程、提高钌的回收率是目前钌回收研究工作并实现其工业化生产的重点和难点。     

Influence of sodium replacement on the salting kinetics of pork loin

The partial replacement of sodium chloride by other salts has been proposed as a possible strategy to reduce the sodium content of cured meat products. Nevertheless, there is very little knowledge as regards the influence of salts other than sodium chloride on salting kinetics.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect brought about by substituting sodium chloride with potassium, calcium and magnesium chloride on the salting kinetics of dry cured loins. The results showed very important changes in the salting pattern depending on the type of salts. Partial substitution of sodium affected both water and ion transport during the salting process. The presence of KCl decreased water loss while CaCl₂ and MgCl₂ had the opposite effect. However, replacement of up to 50% NaCl by KCl had no significant effect on the salting kinetics in the case of the control formulation. Calcium and magnesium cations penetrated with difficulty into the muscle remaining in the brine formed during the pile salting process. Moreover, the presence of calcium and magnesium cations considerably reduced the sodium and potassium content of the salted loin.     

龙眼-枸杞-红枣营养餐粉的研制及其体外调节肠道菌群作用

为开发一款具有调节肠道菌群功效的营养餐粉,该研究以龙眼干、枸杞干和红枣干为原料,通过正交试验优化确定3种原料的粉碎工艺,采用混料设计辅以其他营养配料,以流动性、稳定性、感官评分等为指标,确定龙眼-枸杞-红枣营养餐粉的最佳配方,并评价其对肠道菌群的调节作用。结果表明,3种原料粉碎制得复合果粉的工艺为:乳清蛋白为辅料,原辅料比1:1.5,冷冻超微粉碎时间150 s,其中3种原料配比为龙眼干:枸杞干:红枣干为3.59:4.60:1。混料设计确定营养餐粉的配方比例:复合果粉50%、全脂奶粉5%、植物脂肪粉5%、大米膨化粉10%、麦芽糊精30%。该配方得到的龙眼-枸杞-红枣营养餐粉冲调性好、稳定性强、感官较佳、营养均衡。该餐粉能显著促进乳酸杆菌属、双歧杆菌属、拟杆菌属和阿克曼氏菌4种肠道菌的增殖,且促进肠道短链脂肪酸,尤其是乙酸和丁酸的产生,由此表明龙眼-枸杞-红枣营养餐粉具有调节肠道菌群作用。     

低血糖生成指数马铃薯代餐粉的配方优化研究

目的 为开发一种低血糖生成指数(GI)的马铃薯代餐粉，通过测定其品质进行配方优化。方法 本实验以含高抗性淀粉的马铃薯全粉为主要原料，复配大米粉及葡萄籽提取物等为配料，通过单因素和正交实验优化配方，并以GI值、感官总分、风味和分散液稳定性等指标对其进行评价。结果 研制的马铃薯代餐粉的最佳配方为含高抗性淀粉的马铃薯全粉45%，熟大米粉25%，芝麻粉5%，大豆分离蛋白13.5%，中链甘油三酸酯10 %，魔芋粉2 %，葡萄籽提取物0.125%，三氯蔗糖0.04 %。结论 此配方条件下制备出的代餐粉感官总分为77.5，GI值为45.94，为低GI食品，对稳定餐后血糖的有促进作用，且口感适宜，具有良好的稳定性。本研究基于功能性薯类深加工思路，为开发低GI薯类产品研制提供实验基础。     

微生物发酵对杂粮代餐粉品质特性及抗氧化活性的影响

以紫薯为主要原料,辅以黄豆、花生仁、芝麻籽、玉米、小米、糙米、藜麦、薏米、青稞,选用植物乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌作为菌种制备杂粮代餐粉。通过单因素实验分析接种比例、发酵时间、发酵温度、接种量对杂粮代餐粉可溶性固形物的影响,并利用正交实验优化发酵工艺条件。研究结果表明,最佳发酵条件为：接种比例1∶1,发酵时间7 h,发酵温度34℃,接种量9%。杂粮代餐粉经发酵处理后,色泽变化明显,发酵对样品的总颜色、色差和白度影响最为显著。吸水指数减小,水溶性、膨胀势、持水力增加,持油力减弱。粉体特性明显改善,更加易于糊化,DPPH·清除率和ABTS⁺·清除率分别提升20.92%、8.67%。     

凝胶油替代脂肪制备牛肉饼的配方优化

为优化获得一种凝胶油替代脂肪制备牛肉饼的配方,本试验以不同浓度的蜂蜡(2.5%,5%,7.5%,10%,12.5%)制备菜籽基凝胶油替代脂肪生产牛肉饼。采用模糊数学评判法,通过单因素试验分析凝胶油浓度、复合磷酸盐添加量、卡拉胶胶添加量以及水分添加量四个因素对牛肉饼感官评价的影响,并采用正交实验和模糊数学评价法,对牛肉饼的最佳配方进行优化。结果表明,凝胶油浓度为10%,复合磷酸盐添加量为0.3%,卡拉胶添加量为0.3%,水分添加量为20%,在此条件下凝胶油替代脂肪制备的牛肉饼综合评定分值高达87.60,其组织致密、滋味浓郁、弹性较好。借助模糊数学法和正交试验构建的综合评价体系,优化获得的凝胶油替代脂肪的牛肉饼的最佳配方,可为新型的肉制品加工工艺提供理论依据。     

绿茶麦胚代餐粉的配制及流变学特性研究

以小麦胚芽、绿茶粉、乳清蛋白粉及木糖醇为原料,研制一种营养丰富且口感美味的复合代餐粉。通过单因素试验和L9(34)正交试验对代餐粉配方进行优化设计,得到最佳配方为小麦胚芽粉14 g、绿茶粉4 g、乳清蛋白粉9 g和木糖醇3 g。该组合的产品兼具茶香和奶香味,口感柔顺、滋味甘甜。此外,对产品的营养成分和流变学特性进行分析。流变特性研究表明,绿茶粉会增加代餐产品的静态黏度,同时会降低弹性模量G’和黏性模量G’’。     

Development of Formulations and Processes to Incorporate Wax Oleogels in Ice Cream

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of emulsifiers, waxes, fat concentration, and processing conditions on the application of wax oleogel to replace solid fat content and create optimal fat structure in ice cream. Ice creams with 10% or 15% fat were formulated with rice bran wax (RBW), candelilla wax (CDW), or carnauba wax (CBW) oleogels, containing 10% wax and 90% high‐oleic sunflower oil. The ice creams were produced using batch or continuous freezing processes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cryo‐scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the microstructure of ice cream and the ultrastructure of oleogel droplets in ice cream mixes. Among the wax oleogels, RBW oleogel had the ability to form and sustain structure in 15% fat ice creams when glycerol monooleate (GMO) was used as the emulsifier. TEM images revealed that the high degree of fat structuring observed in GMO samples was associated with the RBW crystal morphology within the fat droplet, which was characterized by the growth of crystals at the outer edge of the droplet. Continuous freezing improved fat structuring compared to batch freezing. RBW oleogels established better structure compared to CDW or CBW oleogels. These results demonstrate that RBW oleogel has the potential to develop fat structure in ice cream in the presence of GMO and sufficiently high concentrations of oleogel.     

双钢板-再生混凝土组合剪力墙抗震性能有限元分析

为研究双钢板-再生混凝土组合剪力墙的抗震性能,在已有试验的基础上,使用有限元软件ABAQUS进行模型验证和分析,研究内容包括再生粗骨料取代率、距厚比、轴压比以及连接件形式.结果表明:(1)随再生粗骨料取代率的增加,试件抗弯承载力、抗剪承载力、初始抗侧刚度均出现不同程度的劣化;(2)当轴压比为0～0.5时,试件承载力随轴...     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定超微粉碎对苦荞代餐粉中矿质元素的影响

为了研究超微粉碎对苦荞代餐粉中矿质元素含量的影响,本文建立了采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)同时测定Mg、Ca、Fe、Cr、Mn、Co、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Mo、Cd、Pb 13种矿质元素的分析方法。以硝酸和双氧水为混合试剂采用微波消解法对苦荞代餐粉样品进行消解后用电感耦合等离子体质谱法进行分析。利用碰撞-反应池技术消除了分析过程中多原子离子的质谱干扰,选用Sc、In、Bi为内标元素校正基体效应和信号漂移。结果表明:所测13种元素的相关系数均不小于0.9990,其检出限在0.0105~0.9678 μg/L之间,加标回收率在82.80%~111.0%之间,相对标准偏差RSD在1.0%~7.1%之间。所测苦荞代餐粉中含有丰富的矿质元素,有毒重金属As、Pb、Cd、Cr的含量均未超出标准GB 2762-2017的限量,且苦荞代餐粉中的矿质元素因超微粉碎造成的损失较小。该方法具有操作简单、分析速度快、精密度好等特点,可用于苦荞代餐粉的营养元素检测和安全评价。