Chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometry to map three-dimensional protein structures and protein-protein interactions

Closely related to studying the function of a protein is the analysis of its three-dimensional structure and the identification of interaction sites with its binding partners. An alternative approach to the high-resolution methods for three-dimensional protein structure analysis, such as X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy, consists of covalently connecting two functional groups of the protein(s) under investigation. The location of the created cross-links imposes a distance constraint on the location of the respective side chains and allows one to draw conclusions on the three-dimensional structure of the protein or a protein complex. Recently, chemical cross-linking of proteins has been combined with a mass spectrometric analysis of the created cross-linked products. This review article describes the most popular cross-linking reagents for protein structure analysis and gives an overview of the different available strategies that employ chemical cross-linking and different mass spectrometric techniques. The challenges for mass spectrometry caused by the enormous complexity of the cross-linking reaction mixtures are emphasized. The various approaches described in the literature to facilitate the mass spectrometric detection of cross-linked products as well as computer software for data analyses are reviewed.     

深厚软基抛石挤淤加固机理数值模拟研究

抛石挤淤法在沿海高等级公路地基处理中广泛应用,但对加固机理研究较少,通过建立弹塑性有限元力学模型,对抛石挤淤处理的路基应力变形性状进行了分析。计算结果表明:①抛石挤淤处理后的地基能有效提高地基的模量,减小路基沉降和地基浅部水平位移,加速地基孔隙水压力的消散,因此抛石挤淤的加固机理在于人工硬壳层效应和加速排水固结效应;②抛石挤淤体厚度越大,路基沉降越小,而抛石挤淤体模量和宽度对路基沉降的影响较小,因此施工时应采取有效工程措施增大抛石的沉底深度;③填筑速率越大,路基工后沉降越大,预压期越短,路基沉降越大,因此施工时应严格控制施工速度,并保证足够的预压期使路基沉降满足工程要求。深入了解抛石挤淤的加固机理、应力变形性状和影响因素,有助于为设计和施工提供参考和指导。     

泄洪洞掺气减蚀设施空腔回水研究

泄洪洞内高速水流空化引起过流表面空蚀一直以来都是一个值得关注的问题,掺气减蚀是解决泄洪洞过流表面空蚀的有效措施。以某水电站泄洪洞明流泄槽的掺气设施为例,从对掺气坎体型增加坎高、加设坎下平台、加设下游陡坡、圆弧形底板等多个角度进行了探索比较优化。研究成果表明:挑跌坎掺气槽后接圆弧底板布置形式,较好地解决了掺气坎下游水流反向漩滚和空腔回水的问题。这一成果为类似掺气设施的布置提供了参考。     

海淤土地基挡潮闸基础设计

某挡潮闸为在深厚海淤土地基上建闸筑堤,需采取合理基础及地基处理措施解决承载力、变形量及地基变形协调问题。通过方案比较,确定闸室采用半封底沉井基础,岸翼墙采用灌注柱基础。通过现场桩基试验,研究了海淤土中采用粉喷桩复合地基对灌注桩水平承载能力的提高效果。结果表明,提出的基础方案成功解决了工程存在的地质问题,节约了工程投资。     

快速场(FFP)算法反演海底参数研究

针对弹性海底条件下的声传播问题和海底参数反演问题,在Pekeris海洋声场模型的基础上推导了基于快速场(FFP)理论的两层弹性海底声场计算公式,讨论了其传播规律并利用KrakenC进行了验证.其次结合水池条件,采用能够模拟弹性海底海洋环境的声场测量平台进行缩比实验.反演中,采用了实际测得的传播损失与FFP理论计算值相等的代价函数,讨论了其对各海底参数的敏感度,并选用遗传算法对该代价函数进行寻优计算.反演得到的声传播损失与实验中实际测量结果吻合较好,表明所建立的理论模型符合实际声场环境.     

黄登水电站泄洪消能试验研究

简述了黄登水电站可行性研究阶段枢纽泄洪消能防冲试验,水垫塘为定床和护岸不护底两种试验情况,对溢流表孔及左右岸放空底孔体型的优化。     

环境友好的近自然型鱼道

鱼道是帮助鱼类顺利通过闸坝等障碍物的专用设施,在维系河流连续性与生物种群交流方面具有不可替代的作用。近自然型鱼道是目前国际上十分流行的鱼道布置形式,其典型特点是利用漂石与天然河道床沙质构建尽可能接近于天然河流的水流流态。与传统的工程鱼道相比,近自然型鱼道由于构建了鱼类熟悉的水流流态,因而往往具有更高的过鱼效率。本文全面介绍了近自然型鱼道的设计理念、类型、构造布置特点、设计原则、以及水力计算方法,并对我国鱼道技术的进一步发展提出了若干建议。     

黄河小北干流河段揭河底规律分析

“揭河底”现象是黄河高含沙洪水特有的一种泥沙运动方式.本文通过对历史“揭河底”水文资料的统计和分析,提出了历史“揭河底”发生的水沙条件、河道边界条件、河床淤积物组成,总结了其发生的规律.该研究进一步探讨了黄河小北干流河段“揭河底”冲刷现象的运动机理,充分发挥冲刷塑造窄深河槽的积极作用,减小了冲刷造成的危害,对在治黄中如何利用“揭河底”规律,趋利避害有一定的指导意义.     

浅谈新疆某水库闸门集中控制系统

新疆某水库泄洪闸门集控系统是以美国Wonderware公司的Intouch 10.1系统监控软件为开发平台所建立的一套集远程监控和远程操作为一体的闸门控制系统。该系统上位机通过局域网与各闸门控制系统的PLC进行通讯,包括上送各种信息和接受控制命令,通讯采用标准以太网,支持TCP/IP协议,系统建立于2011年6月,经过1年多的操作运行,情况良好。     

A novel method for predicting breakthrough time of horizontal wells in bottom water reservoirs

Dimensional analysis and numerical simulations were carried out to research prediction method of breakthrough time of horizontal wells in bottom water reservoir. Four dimensionless independent variables and dimensionless time were derived from 10 influencing factors of the problem by using dimensional analysis. Simulations of horizontal well in reservoir with bottom water were run to find the prediction correlation. A general and concise functional relationship for predicting breakthrough time was established based on simulation results and theoretical analysis. The breakthrough time of one conceptual model predicted by the correlation is very close to the result by Eclipse with less than 2% error. The practical breakthrough time of one well in Helder oilfield is 10 d, and the predicted results by the method is 11.2 d, which is more accurate than the analytical result. Case study indicates that the method could predict breakthrough time of horizontal well under different reservoir conditions accurately. For its university and ease of use, the method is suitable for quick prediction of breakthrough time.