Hot-spot combustion of heterogeneous condensed mixtures. Thermal percolation

A model of combustion of heterogeneous condensed mixtures composed of reactive particles separated by an inert heat-conducting substance is considered. Propagation of the reaction in a one-dimensional periodic system of point reaction cells connected by inert thermal bridges is examined. The burning rate is determined as a function of the basic parameters of the system, and stability of the steady combustion mode is studied. It is shown that there exists a range of parameters in which the reaction propagates in an unstable manner. Combustion of the system in the instability domain is examined. It is shown that the reaction propagation loses its stability many times as the adiabatic temperature of the system decreases; in this case, the existing unsteady mode is replaced by another, more complicated mode, and the alteration of the regimes in the examined systems always proceeds as a period-doubling bifurcation. Beginning from a certain value of adiabatic temperature, the reaction-propagation process becomes stochastic. In the systems examined, there exists an ultimate adiabatic temperature, below which self-sustained propagation of the reaction in the system becomes impossible.Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 41–54, January–February, 2005.     

面板堆石坝面板顺坡向挤压破坏机理的试验研究

本文针对面板堆石坝面板顺坡向挤压破坏的钢筋压曲凸起问题开展了试验研究,采用了配有单根立筋的混凝土柱受压试验来模拟面板顺坡向的挤压破坏。试验结果证实了以往研究中无箍筋钢筋混凝土立柱抗压强度低于素混凝土柱、且钢筋保护层厚度越小强度越低的推测。与素混凝土柱相比,保护层厚5 cm钢筋混凝土柱的强度降低约10％。根据试验的破坏荷载结果,通过已有理论解反推出了立柱的侧向支撑刚度k,对于保护层厚5 cm和8 cm立柱k值相应为0.841 N·mm^-2和1.032 N·mm^-2。经过试验结果分析,发现钢筋混凝土立柱各截面不服从应变平面假设,受压中钢筋没有同混凝土一起协调变形,钢筋与混凝土之间相互作用强烈。本研究结果再次说明,限制钢筋的侧向变形是防止面板顺坡向挤压破坏的根本措施。应开展可模拟混凝土中钢筋压曲的挤压破坏数值模拟研究,为这些措施的量化设计提供依据。     

湖南省农业干旱灾害风险区划研究

基于自然灾害风险理论和旱灾物理成因,考虑干旱的危险性、承灾体的暴露性、环境的脆弱性以及抗旱减灾能力等方面的要素,运用“自下而上”的区划方法,对湖南省农业干旱灾害风险进行了区划。以县级行政区为最小区划单元,选取9个评价指标并利用层次分析法构建农业干旱灾害风险指数,采用基于GN算法的区域区划方法,将湖南省划分为5个干旱灾害风险等级和12个分布区,其中常德市、衡阳市、郴州市等地部分地区风险较高;划分结果与湖南省水稻生产干旱灾害风险区划的结果多数相同,验证了区划结果的合理性。     

基于离散元技术的软硬互层斜坡动力响应及失稳机理研究

为研究不同岩层倾角陡倾顺层软硬互层斜坡在地震作用下的动力响应及失稳机理,以汶川地震中干磨坊滑坡和水磨沟滑坡为原型,结合三维离散元技术开展两种软硬互层斜坡对比分析。动力响应分析结果表明:在相同地震荷载作用下,陡倾软硬互层60°斜坡模型的PGA(峰值地面加速度)放大系数随着高程的增加表现出非线性增长,在坡顶动力响应最为强烈;陡倾软硬互层80°斜坡模型PGA放大系数随着高程的增加表现出先增大后减小再增大的节律性变化,在坡高1/3处和坡肩部位动力响应最为强烈。失稳机理分析结果显示,在地震荷载作用下:陡倾软硬互层60°斜坡模型发生滑移-弯曲式溃滑,斜坡的破坏流程机制分为四个阶段,即①裂缝扩展-层间错动阶段、②坡脚岩体弯曲隆起阶段、③上部岩体横向滑移阶段、④弯曲剪断-整体失稳阶段;陡倾软硬互层80°斜坡模型发生滑移-下部弯曲-上部倾倒式破坏,斜坡的破坏流程机制分为四个阶段,即①微裂隙扩展阶段、②层间错动-局部裂隙贯通阶段、③下部岩体弯曲阶段、④上部岩体倾倒破坏阶段。     

太湖及太浦河两岸地区洪涝风险分析及对策探讨

由于特殊的自然地理条件,加之人类活动频繁,太湖及太浦河两岸地区的防洪、水资源和水环境等问题交织在一起,导致洪涝风险成因复杂,洪水风险长期存在。分析了该地区的洪涝风险特性,包括太湖水位易涨难消、太浦河两岸地区洪涝风险互相转化、上下游洪水风险转移,以及下垫面、引调水的变化而导致的洪水风险分布随之调整等;根据分析结果,对该地区的洪涝风险类型进行了识别。在此基础上,提出了科学精细调度水利工程、提升平原河网洪水风险分析技术、建立洪水风险实时分析系统以及探索"风险共担"的洪水管理模式等方面的建议。     

新疆1949—2019年洪水灾害调查与特征分析

洪水灾害是新疆最严重的自然灾害,调查并研究洪水灾害的特征与规律对防洪减灾有重要意义。本文通过调查新疆洪水灾害相关的年鉴、公报、简报及文献资料等,统计分析了新疆1949-2019年近71年主要洪水灾害,给出了洪水灾害的时间及地域分布规律、灾害类型特征。对洪水灾害造成的直接经济损失及占国民生产总值的比例进行了统计分析,并重点对2006年以后的受灾人口与死亡人口、直接经济损失进行了分析。结果表明,虽然洪水频次与洪灾直接经济损失有增加趋势,但因灾死亡人口及直接经济损失所占GDP比重不断减少,并趋于平稳,防洪减灾效益明显。本文研究为新疆洪水灾害风险评估、防御应对与决策支持提供了借鉴参考。     

山丘区沿河村落山洪灾害受灾水位及危险区划分方法

随着山丘区小流域山洪灾害防御工作的精准化推进,山丘区河道沿岸局部重点区域(村落、集镇)已经成为山洪灾害重点关注对象。针对沿河村落开展暴雨洪水分析,定位村落内防洪能力最薄弱的居民户,计算受灾水位,分析不同频率洪水水面线下的淹没人口,绘制山洪灾害危险区是山洪灾害防御、预警工作的核心和难点之一。针对目前受灾水位和危险区划分存在的问题,根据现场调查和测量资料,综合设计暴雨洪水计算、水位-流量关系计算、点投影、点线关系判断等方法,提出了一种可行的受灾水位计算、受灾人口判定和危险区绘制方法。采用Matlab编程批量计算,以济南市小李庄村为例进行了应用实践。结果表明,该方法可准确定位防洪能力最薄弱的居民户,计算沿河村落受灾水位,判定居民户与不同频率洪水水面线的关系,从而较为精确地绘制山洪灾害危险区。     

综采面邻空煤柱漏风微循环现象研究

针对综采面"采场-邻空煤柱-采空区"间的漏风微循环现象,利用MATLAB中的PDE工具进行二维非线性渗流的数值模拟,同时分析研究漏风微循环现象形成的原因,以及漏风微循环对煤炭自燃的影响。研究表明,"采场-邻空煤柱-采空区"间的漏风微循环可以导致采空区内相对压力和气体成分的周期性变化,即"采空区喘息"现象。     

Support principles of NPR bolt/cable and control techniques of large-deformation disasters

Deep mining has been paid much more attention because of the depletion of shallow mining resources.Traditional bolts could be invalid to accommodate large displacement and deformation in geomaterials.Consequently, alternative support and reinforcement bolts need to be studied and their constitutive models also need to be developed to help understanding for the complex stress-strain responses of rock masses under loadings. The effect of Negative Poisson's Ratio(NPR) that is attributed to the swelling phenomenon along the lateral direction may appear in metal materials under tensional loadings. Thence NPR materials often have an advantage over NPR ones in mechanical behavior such as impact resistance, antishearing, and energy absorbed. From the characteristics of NPR materials, a series of bolt and cable supports with the effect of NPR and constant-resistance have been recently developed. We here firstly introduce the structural features of NPR support. Then the constitutive model of NPR support is presented and its corresponding equation of energy equilibrium. Its basic principle interacted on rock masses is further discussed. Finally, NPR cables are employed to support the slope of an open-pit mine. The applications show that NPR cables can ease failure within the slope and play an important role in predicting and providing early warning of slope failure, together with a monitoring system of slope stability.     

基于二次受力的隧道套拱加固损伤衬砌模型试验

松动荷载引起损伤衬砌失稳是不良地层隧道运营期间关键的科学问题.针对此问题,研制了双车道公路隧道带缝衬砌套拱加固模型试验加载装置,可对衬砌结构任意位置施加松动荷载,在损伤衬砌受力同时进行套拱加固,解决了衬砌加固二次受力的“瓶颈”问题;开展1∶10模型试验,研究了松动荷载作用下损伤衬砌套拱加固补强效果,对比变形特性、力学响应及破坏模式.结果表明:衬砌结构刚度随荷载增加而退化,套拱加固有效修复受损衬砌,整体结构刚度明显增大,损伤严重衬砌经套拱加固后承载力仍可提高1倍;原衬砌结构破坏位置为拱顶、拱肩和边墙;套拱加固带缝衬砌构件关键控制截面为拱顶和墙脚,拱顶易发生大偏心压弯破坏,建议加强拱顶纵向配筋,提高抗拉承载力;墙脚出现斜裂缝,属于压剪破坏,应增设墙脚箍筋,以提高抗剪承载力.