超长小井眼水平井钻井技术在渤中19-4油田的应用

渤海渤中明化镇地层由于伊利石、蒙脱石含量较高,水化膨胀极其严重,泥浆性能也很难控制,所以在这一地区目的层为明化镇、井深在4000 m左右的大位移水平井,直接采用φ311.2 mm井眼着陆后,下φ240.6 mm套管的难度很大。为了降低该类井型的作业难度,采用φ215.9 mm井眼着陆后,下φ177.8 mm尾管后,进行φ152.4 mm井眼水平井作业。其中BZ19-4-B10 h井就是一个典型的成工事例,该井的成功实施,为今后小井眼水平井作业在井身结构、钻具组合、钻头选型、水力参数、钻井液性能等方面提供了经验。     

废C_4板式萃取塔的流程模拟及优化改造

利用Aspen Plus软件对废C4板式萃取塔进行了流程模拟,并结合塔板水力学计算,对该塔进行了优化设计。结果表明,由改造前的油相作分散相改为以水相作分散相,适宜的溶剂比为2.0,并将塔的降液管改为升液管,可使塔板效率由约0.05提高至约0.10,进而使塔直径由800 mm减小至600 mm,开孔数由692减少至403,塔顶废C4中乙腈质量分数为0.3%。     

Characteristics of helical flow in slim holes and calculation of hydraulics for ultra-deep wells

Due to the slim hole at the lower part of the ultra-deep and deep wells, the eccentricity and rotation of drill string and drilling fluid properties have great effects on the annular pressure drop. This leads to the fact that conventional computational models for predicting circulating pressure drop are inapplicable to hydraulics design of deep wells. With the adoption of helical flow theory and H-B rheological model, a computational model of velocity and pressure drop of non-Newtonian fluid flow in the ecc...     

BENDING OF SUBMERGED WOODY RIPARIAN VEGETATION AS A FUNCTION OF HYDRAULIC FLOW CONDITIONS

Woody riparian vegetation provides numerous ecological benefits such as stabilizing streambanks, storing and cycling nutrients, shading streams and providing habitat for wildlife. However, vegetation also increases hydraulic roughness and reduces the effective flow area, resulting in an increased water surface elevation for a given streamflow. Balancing the desire to preserve woody vegetation in stream corridors with the need to manage flood risks requires accurate techniques for predicting the influence of vegetation on stream hydraulics. However, this is a challenging problem because woody vegetation responds to the flow field itself by bending and streamlining in response to hydraulic forces. The goal of this study was to predict the bending behaviour of woody riparian vegetation as a function of hydraulic flow conditions. Field tests were performed to elucidate tree biomechanical properties for select riparian taxa of the southwestern USA. Biomechanical results served as input parameters for a numerical algorithm designed to predict tree bending for water velocities likely to be encountered during flood events. Bending simulations revealed appreciable variability in bent tree heights. Variability was likely a manifestation of the extensive variance in plant characteristics and properties inherent in biological specimens. However, no trees were expected to bend to a height lower than approximately 42% of their original height, even in water moving at 2.5 m·s^‐1. The results of this work provide an important first step in an effort to predict a dynamic hydraulic roughness for vegetated channels and floodplains under flood conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

箱型结构物封堵溃坝水力学特性试验研究

介绍了用箱型结构物通过爆破下沉方法封堵溃坝的水力学模型试验。基于相似理论，研究堵口过程中的水力学特性变化，得到了溃口附近的流速、流态规律，以及箱体周边的流速情况。成果为实际确定沉箱堵口方案提供了依据，同时也为今后其它堵口技术方案的研究提供参考。     

生态水工学的理论框架

在健全的生态系统中水体与生物群落相互依存，相互作用，形成了江河湖泊的自净能力。水工学应吸收、融合生态学的理论，建立和发展生态水工学，在满足人们对水的各种不同需求的同时，还应满足水域生态系统完整性、依存性的要求，恢复与建设洁净的水环境，实现人与自然的和谐。     

封冻河道的阻力研究

冰盖引起的流动阻力是研究河冰生消演变及其运动规律的关键问题之一。封冻阻力使河流水位壅高、过流能力降低、水位流量关系改变。本文应用 Prandtl半经验紊流理论，推导得到封冻河道水力要素间的理论关系表达式，并对冰盖影响区与床面影响区的交界位置进行了分析讨论；对由流速分布推算冰盖及河床糙率的计算方法进行了研究，并与现场实测资料进行了验证。     

黄登水电站截流水力学计算分析

该文采用水量和能量平衡原理建立计算模型,对黄登水电站截流进行了水力学分析,计算结果与试验成果基本吻合。类似方法亦可在单个泄流建筑物水力计算分析中采用。     

基于生态修复理论在河流整治中的研究

介绍了河流治理要以生态水工学的理念进行生态整治,通过表述了遭到破坏的河流生态系统所面临的问题,即进行生态修复首先要治污、要满足河流的最低生态需水量、尽量恢复河流的自然状态,进一步从不同角度介绍生态修复的各种措施即从点、线、面、体各方位考虑生态修复。     

弱环境流速水域内陆核电厂液态流出物排放设计优化研究

理论和实践经验均表明,内陆核电厂采用多孔扩散器有利于加快近排放口区域液态流出物的掺混稀释。基于美国环保署推荐的近区模拟工具——CORMIX专家系统,对低环境流速水文条件下的内陆核电厂的多孔扩散器开展了研究。分析表明:对于近岸布置的多孔扩散器,在低环境流速、相对较强射流以及水深较深条件下,(1)扩散器主管长度Ln与排放口下游断面的最小相对稀释比例H呈正相关,喷口直径D与H呈负相关,喷口水深HD与H呈正相关;在排热量相同的情况下,流量Q与H呈正相关。(2)对于排放口下游1 000 m断面处的最小相对稀释比例H1 000 m,各几何参数灵敏度由高到低排序为,喷口直径D、喷口数量n、主管长度Ln。研究结论可供内陆核电厂液态流出物排放工程的设计及优化参考。