Impact of pre-treatment (soaking or germination) on nutrient and anti-nutrient contents,cooking time and acceptability of cooked red dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grown in Ethiopia

Pulses are processed in diverse ways prior to consumption. Soaking and germination are among the most common traditional, household-level food processing strategies. This study was carried out to determine the effects of soaking, germination, cooking and their combinations on the contents of selected nutrients and anti-nutrients of red dry bean and chickpea. In addition, the effects of pre-treatment on cooking time and the acceptability of dishes prepared from red dry bean and chickpea were determined. The nutrient compositions (zinc, iron and calcium) of most soaked-cooked and germinated-cooked red dry bean and chickpea samples were not significantly different than those of respective controls. However, soaking and germination pre-treatments significantly lowered the phytate and tannin contents of the red dry bean and chickpea samples, with a few exceptions, and overall, polyphenol contents were lower after soaking-cooking than after germination-cooking. Most scores for sensory attributes of bean-based and chickpea-based dishes prepared from soaked or germinated samples were not significantly different than those of the controls. For most red dry bean and chickpea samples, longer germination times yielded superior results in terms of reductions in cooking time, tannin content, and phytate:zinc and phytate:iron molar ratio.     

Effects of applying sodium and sulphur fertilisers on the concentrations of elements in water leached from permanent pasture

The element composition of water leached from a perennial ryegrass pasture to which isonitrogenous quantities of sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulphate fertilisers had been applied in an experiment lasting 2 years is described. The experimental design also allowed a comparison of the immediate effects of sodium nitrate in the grazing season in which the fertiliser was applied with the residual effects of applying it in the previous year. Applying sodium fertiliser in either 1992 or 1993, but not both years, increased the concentrations of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and cobalt and reduced those of phosphorus and molybdenum in leachate. The application of sulphur fertiliser reduced the concentrations of zinc, copper, iron and molybdenum in leachate. It also reduced the concentrations of sodium, potassium and magnesium, but only when sodium fertiliser was applied in 1992, and not when it was applied in 1993. It is concluded that sulphur fertiliser reduces the leaching of trace elements from the soil and that, in the long term, sodium fertiliser can amplify the effect of applying sulphur fertiliser. Sodium fertiliser in moderate quantities increased the leaching of the major divalent cations but reduced the phosphorus and molybdenum concentrations in leachate. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

表面亲油纳米二氧化硅改变岩石表面润湿性的研究

实验研究了注水井增注用的4种商品表面亲油改性纳米二氧化硅改变岩石表面润湿性的能力。kg为0．01～0．1时的胜利义北砂岩岩心，洗油后浸泡在盐水中使表面亲水，注入0．5～3．0PV1．5g／L的纳米二氧化硅柴油悬浮液，静置不同时间，用自吸吸入法测定岩心相对润湿指数W（水、油润湿指数之比）。结果表明,W值随注入量增大按指数关系减小，注入量3PV时达到稳定值，注入量相同时随静置时间（18～40小时）延长而减小；在注入量2PV、静置40小时条件下除829外的3种样品使亲水岩心（W=1．7）变亲油（W〈1．0），俄罗斯产品101效果最好。W=0．5。用光学投影法测量并图示了表面亲水岩石薄片依次浸泡在煤油、纳米二氧化硅柴油悬浮液、盐水中时接触角随浸泡时间的变化。在煤油中，大理石和灰岩表面变亲油，纳米二氧化硅处理使接触角略有增大；在盐水中，经101处理的大理石表面亲油性至少维持500小时，其余样品处理的大理石迅速变为亲水。各种样品处理的亲油灰岩表面在盐水中经过～0～70小时（样品101）先后变为亲水。玻璃表面在煤油中仍亲水。不同纳米二氧化硅处理玻璃的效果各不相同：迅速亲油化（101和727），～60小时后变亲油（829）。接触角增大但仍亲水（902）；处理后的亲油玻璃表面在盐水中迅速变强亲水。纳米二氧化硅不能使石英表面亲油化。图6表4参6。     

A comparative study of composition and postharvest performance of organically and conventionally grown kiwifruits

Postharvest performance of organic and conventional ‘Hayward’ kiwifruits grown on the same farm in Marysville, California, and harvested at the same maturity stage were compared in this study. Quality parameters monitored included morphological (shape index) and physical (peel characteristics) attributes of the initial samples. Maturity indices (CO₂ and C₂H₄ production, firmness, color, soluble solids content and acidity) and content of compounds associated with flavor and nutritional quality (minerals, sugars and organic acids, ascorbic acid, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity) were determined at 0, 35, 72, 90 and 120 days of storage at 0°C, and after 1 week of shelf‐life simulation at 20°C, after each storage duration. Organically and conventionally grown kiwifruits had similar soluble solids content at harvest, but conventional kiwifruits had a higher firmness and L* value, and a lower hue angle and chromaticity, resulting in a lighter green color when compared with the organic kiwifruits. These differences were maintained for all the storage durations, with the soluble solids content increasing more in conventionally grown kiwifruits. The two production systems resulted in different morphological attributes since organic kiwifruits exhibited a larger total and columella area, smaller flesh area, more spherical shape, and thicker skin compared to conventional kiwifruits. All the main mineral constituents were more concentrated in organic kiwifruits, which also had higher levels of ascorbic acid and total phenol content, resulting in a higher antioxidant activity. Sugars and organic acids composition was not affected by the production system. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

西南天山西段有色金属资源基地生态资源环境评价

西南天山西段有色金属资源基地是中国重要有色资源基地之一,具有巨大的现有资源量及找矿潜力,同时面临着矿产资源开发利用与生态环境保护和寻求新的找矿方法促进资源基地发展的难题。本研究通过生态资源环境综合调查与评价,查明矿业开发对区域生态环境的影响,创建了生态-环境-资源-社会-经济五位一体的综合评价技术方法,建立了生态环境资源功能区划方案,划分了鼓励开发区、限制开发区及禁止开发区,优化了资源配置,促进绿色矿业发展和生态文明建设。     

Effect of microwave radiation on processing characteristics of sulphide minerals in inert atmosphere

The influence of microwave radiation on sulphide minerals in inert atmosphere has been investigated with respect to their processing characteristics such as magnetic susceptibility and floatability. Pure sulphide mineral samples were prepared in different size fractions. Microflotation tests were performed and magnetic susceptibilities of samples were measured after treating with microwave energy in inert atmosphere at three power levels for six time intervals. Possible modifications on the mineral surfaces due to microwave energy and exposure time were evaluated by XRD and optical microscopy. The results showed that selective separation of sulphide minerals in terms of floatability and magnetic separation could be possible.     

Preparation of decolorizing ceramsites for printing and dyeing wastewater with acid and base treated clay

A new type of decolorizing ceramsites for printing and dyeing wastewater were prepared, by means of acid activation, base neutralization, granulation and heating treatment, by using palygorskite, Hangjin2# clay, bentonite or sepiolite as raw materials. The experimental results show that, the decolorizing ceramsites made of palygorskite have the best performances among different clay minerals in treating printing and dyeing wastewater. Its decolorizing amount is 635 mL g^− 1 and the reduction in COD is 81%, after 5 min static treatment at normal temperature. After calcined at 700 °C for 1 h, the loss ratio of decolorizing ceramsites made of palygorskite is less than 5%. Treated with saturated (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution for 10 min, and then calcined at 300 °C for 10 min, the used decolorizing ceramsites can be reused for more than 15 times. The decolorizing effect of the decolorizing ceramsites is mainly attributed to the combined chemical flocculation reaction of various metal ions in the material, with minor physical adsorption involved.     

几种非金属矿物在建筑涂料改性中的应用

介绍了几种非金属矿——膨润土、硅藻土、高岭土以及累托石的基本性能及其在建筑涂料中的应用。     

LF精炼废渣水热浸出过程中主要矿相的溶解行为

通过水热浸出实验分别研究了精炼废渣及合成的废渣中2种主要单一矿相12CaO?7Al2O3和2CaO?SiO2的溶解行为,并将二者进行对比分析,探究了LF精炼废渣在水热浸出过程中的溶解行为。结果表明,废渣浸出过程中浸出液的pH?12,且随浸出时间增加,电导率和Ca浓度增加,Al浓度急剧下降,Si浓度低于0.1 mg/L且保持不变;12CaO?7Al2O3浸出过程中,随时间增加,浸出液pH值稳定在约11.3,浸出液中Al浓度增加,Ca浓度略微下降。2CaO?SiO2浸出液中主要为Ca2+,Si浓度低于0.6 mg/L;废渣与单一矿相浸出过程的pH值及Al, Si浓度较接近,可以通过单一矿相的溶解行为研究精炼废渣在水热浸出过程中的溶解行为,但废渣浸出液的Al和Si浓度均低于单一矿相,表明废渣中CaO等其它组分溶解抑制了12CaO?7Al2O3和2CaO?SiO2溶解。