网络时代信息安全对策研究

随着信息全球化的发展,公民个人所拥有的信息被他人或非政府组织不正当利用甚至非法窃取的危险性越来越高。信息安全将会成为一个国家亟待解决的问题。本文分析了网络时代导致信息安全隐患重重的因素,提出了网络时代一些保障信息安全的切实可行的措施。     

“任务驱动法”在信息技术教学中的运用

"任务驱动法"是建立在建构主义教学理论基础上的教学法,作为建构者——教师,仅是学习的指导者、辅助者、咨询者、导航者,而学生才是教与学活动中的主体,在具体教学过程中,我们应将大量时间留给学生带着驱动"任务"进行研究性学习。目前,我国中学信息技术课程中普遍采用这一教学法,即在具体教学过程中,我们应尽量压缩教师讲授内容的时间,而将大量的时间留给学生进行研究性学习。本文就如何优化信息技术课程谈几点思考。     

Adaptive guidance law design based on characteristic model for reentry vehicles

In this paper an adaptive guidance law based on the characteristic model is designed to track a reference drag acceleration for reentry vehicles like the Shuttle. The characteristic modeling method of linear constant systems is extended for single-input and single-output （SlSO） linear time-varying systems so that the characteristic model can be established for reentry vehicles. A new nonlinear differential golden-section adaptive control law is presented. When the coefficients belong to a bounded closed convex set and their rate of change meets some constraints, the uniformly asymptotic stability of the nonlinear differential golden-section adaptive control system is proved. The tracking control law, the nonlinear differential golden-section control law, and the revised logical integral control law are integrated to design an adaptive guidance law based on the characteristic model. This guidance law overcomes the disadvantage of the feedback linearization method which needs the precise model. Simulation results show that the proposed method has better performance of tracking the reference drag acceleration than the feedback linearizaUon one.     

The Afghan water law: “a legal solution foreign to reality”? 1

In this article the suggested permit and licence systems included in the draft Afghan Water Law of 2008 (superseding those laws of 1981 and 1991) are examined by comparing them with main canal data from two pilot studies within the Kunduz Basin. The comparison highlights the difficulty of making these proposed legal frameworks operative. Overall, it appears that the sections within the law on permits and licences are not implementable within or even useful for the traditional irrigation systems, but mainly play into the hands of the national hydrocracy and please international donors.     

Groundwater legislation in Turkey: problems of conception and application

The uneven distribution of water resources, a growing population, urbanization and global climate change require new approaches for groundwater management in Turkey. “Safe yield” should yield to broader concepts such as “sustainability”. Groundwater management needs to consider future needs of the people and all ecosystems in accordance with basin development models. Groundwater law needs to be expanded beyond quantity to address quality concerns. A new institutional framework should be established and groundwater regulation should reflect new approaches and ideas, in particular to address problems of application.     

Interstate Water Conflicts and Individual Rights

Abstract

This study addresses the right of individuals to participate in equitable apportionment actions in the United States Supreme Court involving the allocation of interstate water resources. Given the scope of the parens patriae doctrine, the state represents the interests of all of the state's citizens. This limits the role of individuals to that of amicus curiae (“friend of the court”). Furthermore, any allocation of interstate water resources is likely to be a mass allocation to the state parties to the litigation. Such an allocation may not be sufficient to fulfill all of the demands for water in the respective states. Finally, after noting that individual water rights are “incomplete” forms of property rights that derive from the rights of the state, the study concludes that it may be in the best interest of individual water users to attempt to resolve interstate water conflicts by means other than litigation in the Supreme Court.     

The Great Lakes Region and Bulk Water Exports

Abstract

The article provides an overview of the latest developments in the debate concerning the bulk water export of Great Lakes water. It examines the policy and legal dimensions of this new debate. The policy dimension focuses on the public attention and concern, in Canada, regarding bulk water removals from the Great Lakes basin. This concern has triggered the new Canadian federal legislation banning water exports from the region (Bill C-15). Is this a sign that the Canadian government now embraces a water conservation ethic? Is its position in line with the recent recommendations on the issue of the International Joint Commission (IJC), the joint body created by the United States and Canada to manage its shared waters? The attempt by investors to export water from the Great Lakes basin raises issues regarding Canada's obligations under international and regional trade agreements, most notably the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The article examines the provisions of those two trade agreements in the context of the water export debate in Canada and concludes that increased clarity on Canada/US transboundary water issues is required.     

China’s practice on the non-navigational uses of transboundary waters: transforming diplomacy through rules of international law

China’s abundant transboundary water resources face new challenges as demands increase, internally and externally. As China seeks new ways to cooperate with its riparian neighbours, more attention is being paid to international water law in the evolving diplomatic practice across the region. China’s (mostly) bilateral transboundary water cooperation is here characterized as ‘responsive diplomacy’. This paper explores China’s state practice in this context and concludes by recommending that it moves from ‘responsive’ towards ‘preventive’ diplomacy. The author offers strategic and policy responses in order to effect this change.     

Transboundary water cooperation on the Yarlung Zangbo/Brahmaputra – a legal analysis of riparian state practice

The Yarlung Zangbo/Brahmaputra, shared by China, India, Bhutan and Bangladesh, lacks a comprehensive legal framework. Following an overview of the basin, the paper analyses state and treaty practice through a legal lens, comparing the riparian state positions, based on their approaches to sovereignty. Finding fragmented transboundary water cooperation across the basin, two possible approaches that might help are explored. Taking inspiration from the hydropower projects on parts of the watercourse, and from existing multilateral environmental agreements, it is queried whether future cooperation might be fostered through legal arrangements for joint exploitation, or through joint protection under multilateral environmental agreements.     

Flux limiters fourth and sixth order high resolution method for hyperbolic conservation laws

This paper presents new fourth and six order accurate explicit finite difference scheme for hyperbolic conservation laws. The technique of obtaining high resolution, total variation non increasing oscillation free and explicit scalar difference scheme is derived by adding multi-limiters of antidiffusive flux to a first order scheme.