A novel four‐node quadrilateral smoothing element for stress enhancement and error estimation

A four‐node, quadrilateral smoothing element is developed based upon a penalized‐discrete‐least‐squares variational formulation. The smoothing methodology recovers C¹‐continuous stresses, thus enabling effective a posteriori error estimation and automatic adaptive mesh refinement. The element formulation is originated with a five‐node macro‐element configuration consisting of four triangular anisoparametric smoothing elements in a cross‐diagonal pattern. This element pattern enables a convenient closed‐form solution for the degrees of freedom of the interior node, resulting from enforcing explicitly a set of natural edge‐wise penalty constraints. The degree‐of‐freedom reduction scheme leads to a very efficient formulation of a four‐node quadrilateral smoothing element without any compromise in robustness and accuracy of the smoothing analysis. The application examples include stress recovery and error estimation in adaptive mesh refinement solutions for an elasticity problem and an aerospace structural component. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On using degenerated solid shell elements in adaptive refinement analysis

Three different degenerated shell elements are studied in an adaptive refinement procedure for the solution of shell problems. The stress recovery procedure expressed in a convective patch co‐ordinate system is used for the construction of continuous smoothed stress fields for the a posteriori error estimation. The performance of the stress recovery procedure, the error estimator and the adaptive refinement strategy are tested by solving three benchmark shell problems. It is found that when adaptive refinement is used, the adverse effects of boundary layers and stress singularities are eliminated and all the elements tested are able to achieve their optimal convergence rates. It is also found that the accuracy of the shell elements increases with the number of polynomial terms included in the stress and strain approximations. In addition, if complete Lagrangian polynomial terms are used, the element will be less sensitive to shape distortion than the one in which only complete polynomial terms are employed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the discrete core of quadrilateral mesh refinement

We present a new approach to quadrilateral mesh refinement, which reduces the problem to its structural core. The resulting problem formulation belongs to a class of discrete problems, network‐flow problems, which has been thoroughly investigated and is well understood. The network‐flow model is flexible enough to allow the simultaneous incorporation of various aspects such as the control of angles and aspect ratios, local density control, and templates (meshing primitives) for the internal refinement of mesh elements. We show that many different variants of the general quadrilateral mesh‐refinement problem are covered. In particular, we present a novel strategy, which provably finds a conformal refinement unless there is none. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Automatic adaptive refinement for plate bending problems using Reissner–Mindlin plate bending elements

The influence of the presence of singular points and boundary layers associated with the edge effects in a Reissner–Mindlin (RM) plate in the design of an optimal mesh for a finite element solution is studied, and methods for controlling the discretization error of the solution are suggested. An effective adaptive refinement strategy for the solution of plate bending problems based on the RM plate bending model is developed. This two-stage adaptive strategy is designed to control both the total and the shear error norms of a plate in which both singular points and boundary layers are present. A series of three different order assumed strain RM plate bending elements has been used in the adaptive refinement procedure. The locations of optimal sampling points and the effect of element shape distortions on the theoretical convergence rate of these elements are given and discussed. Numerical experiments show that the suggested refinement procedure is effective and that optimally refined meshes can be generated. It is also found that all the plate bending elements used can attain their full convergence rates regardless of the presence of singular points and boundary layers inside the problem domain. Boundary layer effects are well captured in all the examples tested and the use of a second stage of refinement to control the shear error is justified. In addition, tests on the Zienkiewicz–Zhu error estimator show that their performances are satisfactory. Finally, tests of the relative effectiveness of the plate bending elements used have also been made and it is found that while the higher order cubic element is the most accurate element tested, the quadratic element tested is the most efficient one in terms of CPU time used. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Acceleration radiosity solutions through the use of hemisphere-base formfactor calculation

In this paper, we propose a novel formfactor calculation algorithm for acceleration radiosity solutions in complex environments. Our basic algorithm is an improved version of Spencer's (S.N. Spencer, ‘The hemisphere radiosity method: a tale of two algorithms’, in Photorealism in Computer Graphics, Spencer, 1992, pp. 127–135) and Van Wyk's (G.C. Van Wyk Jr., ‘A geometry-based insolution model for computer-aided design,’ Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Michigan, 1998.) methods, which fail to remove hidden surfaces for relatively large patches and cause large discretization errors in formfactors. We also demonstrate that our technique is superior to the hemi-cube method in terms of the computation time. Moreover, we parallelize our approach on a parallel computer with shared memory, and obtain a high performance with our radiosity rendering system. Our method divides a hemisphere-base into regions, and assigns a region to each processor. The approach can be applied to geometrical data generated by CAD systems, and is evaluated in terms of the computation time, the visual effects, and the parallelization performance. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd     

Co2+含量对钴铁氧体薄膜结构及磁性的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法在玻璃衬底上制备了钴铁氧体CoxFe3―xO4(x=0.2~0.8)薄膜。分别用振动样品磁强计及X射线衍射仪对样品的磁性和结构进行了测量与分析。结果表明,随Co2 含量增加,样品中的尖晶石相衍射峰逐渐增强,至x=0.8时为单一的尖晶石结构。高Co2 含量(x>0.7)样品的饱和磁化强度和矫顽力随退火温度的升高呈上升趋势,630℃退火Co0.8Fe2.2O4薄膜矫顽力达156kA/m。Co2 含量的增加还可使晶粒细化。当Co2 含量x=0.8时,可同时获得好的磁性能及小的晶粒。     

Ni—Al—Ti细化剂对K4169高温合金铸态组织及性能的影响

研究了Ｎｉ－Ａｌ－Ｔｉ细化剂对Ｋ４１６９高温合金铸态组织及性能的影响,结果表明,合金液不经过均匀化处理,在１４２０℃下加入细化剂浇注可显著细化晶粒和高断面等轴晶的比例,细晶组织及室温拉伸性能明显优于普通铸造组织,在中温下,细晶组织的强度高于普通铸造组织,但二者的拉伸塑性相差不大,细晶组织的中温持久寿命显著高于普通铸造组织,但二者的持久塑性差别不大,利用扫描电镜对拉伸和持久断口进行了分析。     

将竖式气烧窑改造成混烧石灰窑

将日产１５０ｔ双套筒竖式气烧窑经过改造内部结构,增设部分设施,使它成为３．２ｍ混烧石灰窑,这对完善全国同类型电石生产装置有推广作用     

稀土、钛复合变质剂对贝氏体钢铸态晶粒细化的研究

系统研究了稀土、钛复合变质剂对锰硅硼贝氏体铸钢晶粒尺寸的影响。结果表明,经稀土、钛复合变质处理后,贝氏体铸钢中形成大量的高熔点化合物,尺寸约１０ ～２５μｍ 。这些高熔点化合物作为非均匀形核核心,增加了液固相变形核位置,使铸态晶粒尺寸明显减小,为变质前的１／３ ～１／２ 。经扫描电镜（ Ｓ Ｅ Ｍ） 、能谱（ Ｅ Ｄ Ｓ） 和 Ｘ 射线衍射分析（ Ｘ Ｒ Ｄ） 表明,高熔点相为稀土氧化物（ Ｌａ , Ｃｅ）２（ Ｏ, Ｓ）３ 和碳、氮化物 Ｔｉ（ Ｃ, Ｎ） 。根据错配度理论计算表明,上述稀土氧化物（ Ｌａ , Ｃｅ）２（ Ｏ, Ｓ）３ 、碳氮化物 Ｔｉ（ Ｃ, Ｎ） 的某些密排面与贝氏体铸钢δ相的密排面具有很低的错配度,分别为６ ％ 和７９ ％ 。上述高熔点相的密排面可作为δ相形核的界面,促进贝氏体铸钢的非均匀形核,使铸态晶粒细化     

大庆原油基础油研制新一代高档汽油机油

根据大庆原油基础油的特性（粘度指数高,倾点高,低温性能差,抗氧化性能稍差）,采用改善常减压切割、改进精制工艺技术,提高基础油主要性能,研制出质量符合ＡＰＩＳＪ／ＩＬＳＡＣＧＦ２的汽油机油。