广义水资源高效利用理论与实践

提出了广义水资源高效利用的概念内涵,指出广义水资源高效利用应以区域水资源-经济-生态复合大系统为研究对象,以水循环模拟为基础,广义水资源合理配置为手段,围绕广义水资源在经济和生态系统的服务功能与过程、在遵循有效性、公平性和可持续性原则的基础上,对广义水资源利用模式进行科学调控,实现广义水资源高效利用的目的。在广义水资源理论分析基础上,构建了广义水资源利用效率和效益的核算指标体系,提出了广义水资源高效利用调控框架。选择宁夏平原区作为研究案例,进行了现状广义水资源高效利用分析,模拟分析了区域渠系衬砌的广义水资源利用效率和效益变化,构建了广义水资源高效利用综合方案集,通过多方案的优化调控,选择了宁夏平原区广义水资源高效利用方案。     

区域洪水资源可利用量评价分析

从洪水形成特征及其在地表径流中的特殊表现形态,以及洪水对社会经济系统发展和生态环境系统演变的作用和使用条件等角度,阐述了区域洪水资源可利用量概念。根据区域洪水资源可利用量评价目标要求,提出了从区域洪水资源量中扣除不可利用量以估算洪水资源可利用量的扣除法和将区域洪水资源利用措施当作完整系统,以安全、有效利用为目标建立优化模型进行的系统分析法;最后以海河流域北三河水系中的潮白河北京山区为例,进行了洪水资源可利用量计算与洪水资源开发利用现状分析。计算结果表明,扣除法所得3种频率（25%,50%,50%）的洪水资源可利用量比系统法分别高出8.17％、5.54％和10.20％,平均相对误差约7.97％,但两种方法结合使用可使计算结果得到互相验证,对区域洪水资源评价仍具有实用价值。     

Groundwater Exploration and Assessment in Rural Communities of Yobe State, Northern Nigeria

The provision of adequate water supply and sanitation to the rapidly growing urban populations is increasingly becoming a problem for governments throughout the world. The continuing expansion of the numbers of people in cities who need water and sanitation services form a continuous pressure to either invest in additional production capacity or to stretch the available supplies to serve more people. Due to rapid increase in population growth in the Yobe State north of Nigeria, there is a shortage in the water supply to Damaturu city the capital of the state and surrounding villages. At the present the total water supply is about 10,000 m³/day abstracted form the shallow alluvial groundwater aquifer using 29 production wells. Due to the expected increase in water demand and the limited potentiality of shallow aquifer system, other deep aquifers were explored and investigated to evaluate their potentiality for future water demand. Vertical Electrical Sounding Method was used for the geophysical survey of the study area. Groundwater flow model was developed and calibrated against the historical information. Three wellfields were designed to provide Damaturu city and surrounding villages with the required water. The calibrated model has been used to evaluate the aquifer potentiality and the effect of future withdrawals on the deep aquifer system. It was found that the aquifer system within the study area consists of two main layers. The upper layer is the Chad formation comprises an alluvial sand and gravel with intercalation of thin sility clay layers. The second layer is Keri-Keri formation consists of sandstone formation which is not explored before. During this study the Kerri-Kerri aquifer system was investigated as an alternative source for groundwater for future demand. The study presents an integrated groundwater resources management strategy for present and future water supply for rural communities.     

浍河灌区水资源现状与对策思考

浍河灌区水资源短缺。在水资源和水环境管理等方面存在管理体制不完善、供需矛盾突出和地下水超采等问题。通过对灌区水资源利用现状评价及供需平衡分析计算,找出存在的问题,提出水资源可持续利用及经济可持续发展的对策。     

博弈论模型在解决水资源管理中利益冲突的运用

本文运用非合作与合作博弈的方法,对南水北调中线工程水资源管理中的有关利益冲突进行模拟和分析。其中,以统计学和经济计量学的回归分析法构建博弈各方的效益函数,以经济价值评估法折算水资源的价值和水污染的损失,用成本效益分析法比较不同战略下的博弈结果。模拟结果显示,若以北京为博弈的甲方,则非合作结果使局中的乙方、丙方和丁方分别获得0.15～0.32亿元、0.59～0.364亿元和0.08～0.29亿元的利益,但整体却遭受662.01～1218.33亿元的损失,而合作的结果恰恰相反。因此,如果能够把合作所带来的部分净收益从赢利方转向损失方,以补足损失方的损失,博弈各方均能受益。此模拟方法及结果不仅有利于博弈各方,而且也为水资源管理部门提供决策支持。     

Incorporating Eco-environmental Water Requirements in Integrated Evaluation of Water Quality and Quantity—A Study for the Yellow River

River water has dual functions; it can be withdrawn for agricultural, industrial, and domestic uses and provides eco-environmental water (EEW) for riverine systems. A concept of intensity of ecological function of river water (IEFRW) has been put forward, and an integrated water quantity and quality evaluation method in combination with eco-environmental water requirements has been developed for a river. Based on the monthly data of water quality and quantity as well as the withdrawals during 1997 to 1999, an integrated evaluation of water resources has been conducted for the Yellow River. The results indicated that actual IEFRW can directly reflect the health state of riverine ecosystems. The actual increments of water resources availabilities caused by providing EEW for the riverine systems were lower than the eco-environmental water requirements of the riverine ecosystem, leading to the intermittent interruption of river flow and other eco-environmental problems of the Yellow River.     

Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources Availability and Agricultural Water Demand in the West Bank

Global climate change is predicted as a result of increased concentrations of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. It is predicted that climate change will result in increasing temperature by 2 to 6°C and a possible reduction of precipitation of up to 16% in the Mediterranean basin. In this study, the West Bank is taken as a case study from the Mediterranean basin to evaluate the effects of such climate change on water resources availability and agricultural water demands. Due to the uncertainty in climate change impacts on temperature and precipitation, a number of scenarios for these impacts were assumed within the range of predicted changes. For temperature, three scenarios of 2, 4 and 6°C increase were assumed. For precipitation, two scenarios of no change and 16% precipitation reduction were assumed. Based on these scenarios, monthly evapotranspiration and monthly precipitation excess depths were estimated at seven weather stations distributed over the different climatic and geographical areas of the West Bank. GIS spatial analyses showed that the increase in temperature predicted by climate change could potentially increase agricultural water demands by up to 17% and could also result in reducing annual groundwater recharge by up to 21% of existing values. However, the effects of reduced precipitation resulting from climate change are more enormous as a 16% reduction in precipitation could result in reducing annual groundwater recharge in the West Bank by about 30% of existing value. When this effect is combined with a 6°C increase in temperature, the reduction in groundwater recharge could reach 50%.     

Optimal Water Resources Management: Case of Lower Litani River, Lebanon

The pressures of human population and patterns of development frequently jeopardize the integrity of river systems worldwide. An integrated approach to water resources management is essential, particularly in developing countries. This study presents the results of the water resources optimization conducted for the Lower Litani River Basin in Lebanon. The overall aim of the project is to develop, test, and critically evaluate an innovative approach to water resources management in the Mediterranean region. The method explores the ways in which multiple environmental, economic, and social benefits can be achieved through integrated management of water resources. The Water Resources Model was utilized to assess the efficiency of the baseline model scenario and for the optimization process of the different scenarios of the Litani Lower Basin. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis was applied in order to derive the objectives and constraints. Results revealed that the potential retained scenarios aim at decreasing water consumption and demand, losses, and return flow. These scenarios mainly include the shift to drip irrigation, awareness campaigns, and losses control in domestic supply pipes. Other retained scenarios having a higher shortfall rely on the use of the Channel concrete lining to decrease losses and return flow, in addition to the awareness campaigns in both domestic and irrigation sectors, and less consumptive/more efficient irrigation methods such as sprinkler and drip irrigation at variable application percentages. Hence, most of the interventions or measures proposed are generally not costly and can be implemented.     

武广客运专线天子岭隧道地下暗河位置的确定

根据大面积地质测绘分析,武广客运专线天子岭隧道下有大型地下暗河穿越,确定暗河平面位置、埋深及流量,对隧道设计、施工起着关键作用.勘察中运用测绘、物探、钻探、综合测井、地下水位长期观测等综合勘探方法分析,最终确定暗河主通道位于隧道出口段线路路肩以下10～15 m,雨季暗河涌水量达2.5 ×104 m3/d,为隧道设计提供了可靠依据,并在工程施工中得到了验证.     

水资源系统多目标综合评估模型与方法

探讨了水资源系统的多目标综合评估模型和方法。以克服现有评价方法中采用主观赋权法和客观赋权法等方法确定评价指标权重中的缺点。为了减小评价标准等级划分的主观性和简化指标值的划分,通过构建差距指数和协调指数降低评价目标的维数。在此基础上,通过考察评价对象的实际指标值与各理想区间的距离,采用基于理想区间的多目标评估方法进行综合评估。并以郑州市为例进行计算分析,结果表明本文提出的模型与方法能有效评估区域水资源系统所处的状态,并能揭示影响区域水资源系统状态的关键因子。