Customized Utilization Strategies of Industrial Lignin to Produce Adsorbents and Flocculants Based on Fractionation and Adequate Structural Interpretation

Lignin, a by-product of pulping and biorefinery, has great potential to replace petrochemical resources for wastewater purification. However, the defects of lignin, such as severe heterogeneity, inferior reactivity and poor solubility, characterize the production process of lignin-based products by high energy consumption and serious pollution. In this study, several lignin fractions with relatively homogeneous structure were first obtained by organic solvent fractionation, and their structures were fully deciphered by various characterization techniques. Subsequently, each lignin component was custom-valued for wastewater purification based on their structural characteristics. Benefiting from the high reactivity and reaction accessibility, the lignin fraction (lignin-1) refined by dissolving in ethanol and n-butanol could been used as a raw material to produce cationic lignin-based flocculant (LBF) in a copolymerization system using green, cheap and recyclable ethanol as solvent. The lignin fraction (lignin-2) extracted by methanol and dioxane showed low reactivity and high carbon content, which was used to produce lignin-based activated carbon (LAC) with phosphoric acid as activator. Moreover, the influences of synthetic factors on the purification capacity were discussed, and the LBF and LAC produced under the optimal conditions showed distinguished purification effect on kaolin suspension and heavy metal wastewater, respectively. Furthermore, the corresponding purification mechanism and external factors were also elaborated. It is believed that this cleaner production strategy is helpful for the valorization of lignin in wastewater resources.     

煅烧温度对环保型莫来石多孔陶瓷结构和性能的影响

莫来石多孔陶瓷因其高强度和耐腐蚀等性能得到广泛地应用。然而,由于合成莫来石的原料高岭土的不可再生性及持续上涨的价格,寻找廉价易得的替代原料对于合成莫来石多孔陶瓷迫在眉睫。建筑废弃物的成分与高岭土相似,可作为高岭土的可行替代品之一。以建筑废弃物和Al₂O₃为主要原料,AlF₃为晶须催化剂,B₂O₃为烧结助剂,成功制备了环保型莫来石多孔陶瓷。通过阿基米德排水法、XRD和SEM等表征手段,深入探究了多孔陶瓷的晶相、微观形貌和物理化学特性。同时,研究了煅烧温度对莫来石多孔陶瓷结构和性能的影响规律及作用机制。结果表明,适当提升煅烧温度有助于莫来石晶须的生成,但过高的温度会导致晶须粗化和晶粒增大。当煅烧温度为1 200 ℃时,莫来石晶须的生长形貌最佳,晶须直径约为0.05—0.1 μm、长度为0.5—1 μm、长径比在15—20之间。随着煅烧温度增加,莫来石多孔陶瓷的开口孔隙率不断降低,抗折强度不断增强。当煅烧温度为1 200 ℃时,样品的开口孔隙率达到（61.78±0.72 ）%,抗折强度达到（3.74±0.46） MPa。因此,以建筑废弃物为主要原料可成功制备具有高气孔率的莫来石多孔陶瓷。本研究为建筑废弃物合成莫来石多孔陶瓷提供了可靠的理论支持,对降低生产成本及推动建筑废弃物资源化再利用等有重要理论价值和实际意义。     

Genome-Wide Identification of TaSAUR Gene Family Members in Hexaploid Wheat and Functional Characterization of TaSAUR66-5B in Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Excessive input of nitrogen fertilizer not only causes a great waste of resources but brings about a series of ecological and environmental problems. Although Small Auxin Up-regulated RNAs (SAURs) participate in diverse biological processes, the function of SAURs in the nitrogen starvation response has not been well-studied. Here, we identified 308 TaSAURs in wheat and divided them into 10 subfamilies. The promoter regions of most TaSAURs contain hormone responsive elements, and their expression levels change under the treatment of different hormones, such as IAA, MeJA, and ABA. Interestingly, overexpression of one of the TaSAUR family members, a nitrogen starvation responsive gene, TaSAUR66-5B, can promote the growth of Arabidopsis and wheat roots. In addition, overexpression of TaSAUR66-5B in Arabidopsis up-regulates the expression levels of auxin biosynthesis related genes, suggesting that overexpression TaSAUR66-5B may promote root growth by increasing the biosynthesis of auxin. Furthermore, overexpression of TaSAUR66-5B in wheat can increase the biomass and grain yields of transgenic plants, as well as the nitrogen concentration and accumulation of both shoots and grains, especially under low nitrogen conditions. This study provides important genomic information of the TaSAUR gene family and lays a foundation for elucidating the functions of TaSAURs in improving nitrogen utilization efficiency in wheat.     

多层住宅顶层改善措施

顶层住宅由于其用水、防水、隔热，上下楼不便等缺陷，不受居民的欢迎，在分配及销售上均存在着许多问题。本文对改善顶层住房的舒适性方面，提出了多种综合性措施，将顶层的不利因素转化为有利因素，具有一定的推广价值。     

电缆电视的传输系统

本文证明了放大器的等利用差原理。按此原理设计，传输系统的放大器将有最大实用功率输出。详细分析了环境温度对传输系统的影响，阐述了一些新概念，并提出一种论理严密，实用性强的新设计方法。     

地热资源在供热空调开发利用中的研究现状和进展

本文首先回顾了国内外地热资源在供热空调方面的应用历程及研究现状,重点介绍了当前地热供暖空调的新技术。其次,就目前系统开发设计中遇到的问题提出并分析了应采取的措施,为地热资源的合理利用提供了依据。     

云南省磷矿资源开发面临的问题及建议

云南省乡镇和个体小矿泛滥 ,资源浪费大 ,环境破坏严重 ,磷矿石市场混乱。建议走可持续发展之路 ,建立健全综合管理体系 ,加大探矿找矿力度 ,加强中低品位磷矿石的选矿研究 ,全面推进矿山化工。     

Classroom logistics: Integrating digital and non-digital resources

This response to Dillenbourg's postulations on Orchestration analyses the relationship between classroom logistics and learning. It is necessary to detail the precise actions that the teacher must perform in order to apply the proposed strategies for the integration of digital and non-digital resources. It is not about teacher training; it is about giving teachers the tools to structure their classes and empower them beyond the training process. Every aspect of the class should be specified, leaving what finally will be performed to the teacher. We conclude that an adequate orchestration helps to guide the teacher through the work to be performed in the classroom, allowing a shift from an instructor-centered arrangement, in which the teacher radiates knowledge before a passive class of students, to one where the students actively participate, with the teacher acting as a mediator.     

An Information Hiding Algorithm Based on Bitmap Resource of Portable Executable File

An information hiding algorithm is proposed, which hides information by embedding secret data into the palette of bitmap resources of portable executable （PE） files. This algorithm has higher security than some traditional ones because of integrating secret data and bitmap resources together. Through analyzing the principle of bitmap resources parsing in an operating system and the layer of resource data in PE files, a safe and useful solution is presented to solve two problems that bitmap resources are incorrectly analyzed and other resources data are confused in the process of data embedding. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm are confirmed through computer experiments.     

山西境内可开发利用水力资源分析

山西省境内水力资源蕴藏量丰富 ,技术可开发量非常可观 ,在分析全省各河流水力资源的基础上 ,探讨了最具发展潜力河流和河段的开发价值 ,并提出开发过程中应注意的事项。