黄铜中纳米级微裂纹的形核与钝化

黄铜薄膜试样在透射电镜中原位拉伸观察表明，在平衡条件下加载裂发出的位错纯化成无位错区，它是一个应变很高的异常弹性区。当缺口足够锐，外加载荷足够大时，这个非线弹性区中的应力有可能达到原子键合力，从而使纳米级微裂纹在无位错区中不连续形核，或从钝化的原裂纹顶端形核。这个微裂纹一昊形核，即使保持恒位移，也将钝化成空洞或缺口。     

中频正火焊管的在线矫直

针对焊接油管、套管、锅炉管的焊缝在中频正火热处理时管子弯曲的现象,提出在定径段增设垂直、横向、周向可调的土耳其头机架,对焊管的弯曲实现反弯变形,从而达到在线矫直的目的。     

仪表视窗注射模设计

分析了电器仪表视窗的工艺性,介绍了电器仪表视窗注射模具的结构设计,并对采用公差带来计算成型零件尺寸的方法进行了初步的探讨,可以在一定程度上预测模具的使用寿命。     

严重非均质油藏高渗条带的识别方法

胡状集油田属于严重非均质油藏,在注水开发后表现为油井见效快、含水上升快,并且很快在注采井间形成高渗条带,影响开发效果。如何对高渗条带识别,成为改善严重非均质油藏开发效果的关键。本文通过沉积微相法、测井评价方法、示踪剂监测分析法、动态分析法等多种方法,开展对高渗条带识别的研究,为下步措施安排提供了可靠的调整依据。     

ATTRITION IN THE BUBBLING ZONE OF A STEADY-STATE FLUIDIZED BED

This paper describes the kinetics of attrition in the bubbling zone of a fluidized bed and focuses on the development of an equation for attrition in continuous fluidized beds operating at steady state.

Laboratory data describing batch attrition of a limestone sorbent are applied to the integrated equations to describe overall attrition rate in a full-scale continuous system.     

高压大流量地下水隧道开挖超前帷幕注浆参数研究

锦屏水电站锦屏山隧道开挖中面临高压大流量地下水、且富水地段长(约占隧道全长的40%)的难题。为安全、可靠地进行隧道施工,以注浆材料的适应性、超前帷幕注浆的参数及工艺为研究对象,对浆液做了大量配合比试验,分析其流动性、物理力学性能和凝结时间。研究结果表明:用纯水泥进行单液浆帷幕注浆,其可注性好,可大大地提高注浆加固效果;纯水泥+双液浆对局部小的渗漏水具有很好的封堵效果。对于低于2 MPa的压力水,注浆压力取2~3倍的静水压力;对于高于5 MPa的压力水,注浆压力取净水压力加2~3 MPa。对于在2~5 MPa之间的压力水,注浆压力可灵活选取,但不宜超过7 MPa,注浆应采用孔内循环灌注的方式。地下水发生在断层破碎带时,超前帷幕注浆宜采用全断面帷幕;若出水段以溶蚀裂隙、断层、管道为主宜采用有针对性的局部超前帷幕注浆。该技术成功解决了锦屏山隧道高压大流量地下水封堵的难题,对富水地层地下隧洞施工具有重要参考价值。     

Influence of compaction on the interfacial transition zone and the permeability of concrete

The interfacial transition zone (ITZ) is regarded as a key feature for the transport properties and the durability of concrete. In this study one self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixture and two conventionally vibrated concrete (CVC) mixtures are studied in order to determine the influence of compaction on the porosity of the ITZ. Additionally oxygen permeability and water conductivity were measured in vertical and horizontal direction. The quantitative analysis of images made with an optical microscope and an environmental scanning electron microscope shows a significantly increased porosity and width of the ITZ in CVC compared to SCC. At the same time oxygen permeability and water conductivity of CVC are increased in comparison to SCC. Moreover, considerable differences in the porosity of the lower, lateral and upper ITZ are observed in both types of concrete. The anisotropic distribution of pores in the ITZ does not necessarily cause anisotropy in oxygen permeability and water conductivity though.     

Dynamics in input and output coefficients for land use studies: a case study for nitrogen in crop rotations

Increasingly, model-based approaches play a role in the design and development of new land use systems. Simulation modeling may play a role in the generation of land use systems for land units, and optimization modeling (e.g. linear programming – LP) may be used in the upscaling to farm and region. In the quantification of new land use systems for land units, often equilibrium conditions with respect to soil resources are assumed, following a so-called target-oriented approach. This facilitates ex ante computation of inputs and emissions of nutrients and allows their use in static optimization models based on LP. The condition of equilibrium in soil resources is often not met, nor is it the ultimate aim. Hence, the dynamics in new systems are insufficiently dealt with. This paper presents an approach for the design of land use systems (crop rotations) and their quantification in terms of input and output coefficients, using particular yields and dynamics in soil resources as targets. Interactions between N input and output of succeeding crops are explicitly taken into account. A simple N-balance model is used describing major processes affecting soil N-dynamics. For the Koutiala region in Mali five crop rotations are evaluated that differ in target crop yield, crop choice, crop residue management and external N source. Modeled crop rotations aiming at high yields, in combination with incorporation of crop residues and legumes, result in depletion of soil N stock. Only in crop rotations aiming at high yields and with incorporation of crop residues combined with a supply of large quantities of animal manure, soil N depletion can be prevented. Four approaches are presented of how to use the dynamic input–output coefficients of these systems in land use studies using LP: (i) use of average coefficients, (ii) use of discounted coefficients, (iii) use of pessimistic estimates of coefficients in an optimization of the land use allocation followed by a recalculation of the objective values for the optimized land use with optimistic coefficients, and (iv) a combined use of systems characteristics, i.e. cumulative N-inputs of land use systems over the time horizon and the magnitude of the soil N pool at the end of the time horizon, which can be used as filters for land use systems. Though none of the approaches completely captures the dynamics in input–output coefficients, they enable a well-founded consideration of the consequences of dynamics in, for instance, soil N stocks in static optimization approaches for farm and regional studies.     

地层主曲率在研究储层裂缝发育中的应用

曲面曲率的几何意义可以反映曲面一点邻近区域的具体形态和变形特征,因而可以用主曲率法来评价和预测油气储层裂缝分布和发育程度,应用这种方法对泌阳深凹陷中心安棚鼻状构造带进行了评价。研究结果表明,采用主曲率法预测的结果与地质解释、钻井和测井资料吻合较好,具有很好的应用前景。     

Influence of aggregates on chloride diffusion coefficient into mortar

In order to determine the influence of aggregates on chloride ion ingress, mortar specimens were cast with different aggregate size distribution and the same aggregate volume content. One side of the specimen was in contact with alkaline solution containing sodium chloride. The process of chloride ingress is due to diffusion. The effect of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) around aggregate and of the tortuosity due to aggregates have been taken into account for interpreting the experimental data obtained. These two competing effects have been quantified by using the theory of composite materials. It appears that the diffusion coefficient varies as a function of the ITZ volume content and of the tortuosity.