Current and Potential Developments in Methods for the Scale-Up and Design of Column Extractors

Abstract

The current state-of-the-art is design and scale-up procedures for column-type liquid-liquid extractors is reviewed. This covers both the hydrodynamical factors which determine column cross-section and throughput, and those which influence mass transfer via drop-size and holdup, mass transfer coefficient, axial dispersion, drop interactions (i.e., breakage and coalescence), and Marangoni effects. The application of these principles to column design and scale-up is then discussed. It is concluded that for the present, both a matrix inversion method, and a simplified analytical method of adequate accuracy both for performance evaluation from pilot scale data, and for the design of both single-solvent and dual-solvent extractors, are the most suitable. Finally, the possibility is considered of developing more advanced methods based both on Monte Carlo procedures and on direct dynamic simulation by computer.

Application Notes for Program ‘COLDSN’ and DUALSOLV appear in Appendix I and Appendix II, respectively.     

Complex Fitness Diagrams: Downstream Processing of Biologicals

Our concern here is developing successful new production-scale processes and specifically with modifying optimized laboratory procedures that are unsuitable for large-scale operations. We also wish to suggest that speed and economy of development can often be increased quite significantly by judicious incorporation of heuristics. This in turn requires choosing an example, and ours is downstream processing: isolation and purification of high-value fermentation produced biologicals such as therapeutic proteins. We show that one is rapidly led by this kind of thinking to radical but what appear to be highly beneficial changes in production level downstream processing.     

贵溪铜冶炼环集烟气的活性焦脱硫工程应用

介绍了活性焦干法烟气脱硫的原理与工艺流程,阐述了装备放大及装置设计运行情况。结果表明,所建的工业示范装置运行稳定,操作简单,自动化程度高,能够高效脱硫和硫资源的回收利用,实现了节水、脱硫与硫回收的集成功能,具有良好的经济效益,适宜进行大规模工业推广和产业化发展。     

中板精轧机“雪橇”特性的实现及完善

介绍了柳钢中板厂精轧机“雪橇”特性的实现以及在“雪橇”特性不明显的情况下如何进一步在电气方面进行完善。     

水酶法提取大豆油脂的扩大试验研究

水酶法提取大豆油的研究已经取得了很大的进步,因此在实验室规模基础上,进行了水酶法提取大豆油的扩大试验。在10 L反应釜中,每次试验需要1.2 kg的挤压膨化大豆片。通过单因素和响应面试验对加酶量、pH、酶解温度、酶解时间和料液比进行参数优化,得出最优结果:加酶量1.92%,p H9.15,酶解时间3.09 h,酶解温度56.15℃,料液比1∶5.04,油脂提取率(69.02±0.55)%。并且,通过透射电镜和光学显微镜观察、研究,揭示出水酶法提取大豆油的释放机理,以便于提高水酶法的油脂提取率和油的品质。最后,通过比较水酶法和溶剂浸提法,结果表明:水酶法提出的大豆油品质更好,过氧化值更低。     

苹果酒发酵工艺对比研究

利用德国生产的5L全自动发酵罐和0.5L三角瓶,以5个栽培苹果品种的果实(‘鲁加1号’、‘鲁加4号’、‘鲁加5号’、‘国光’、‘新红星’)为原料,发酵温度设定为20℃,酵母菌接种量为5%,进行苹果酒发酵工艺初步的放大试验。测定5个品种在陈酿过程中的酒精度、单宁、总酚、可滴定酸、透光率、可溶性固形物变化情况。结果表明,当发酵体积扩大10倍后,发酵罐中苹果酒发酵效果与三角瓶中小体积状态下的发酵效果无显著差异,总的变化趋势趋于一致。     

利福霉素产生菌育种及发酵罐放大试验研究

用紫外和氯化锂复合诱变利福霉素产生菌,得到发酵效价为6837 u/mL的菌株A22-04,比初始菌株提高36.5%。对该菌株进行发酵罐放大试验,10 L罐发酵效价为7234 u/mL,发酵时间为120 h,比对照菌株缩短了12 h;30 m~3生产罐的发酵效价为6497u/mL,发酵时间也略有缩短。     

HEAT TRANSFER IN A CONDUCTIVE-HEATING AGITATED DRYER

Abstract

The heat transfers between the heating plane and the granular materials in both the “Stationary heating-plane type” and the “Moving heating-plane type” of the conductive-heating agitated dryers were discussed mainly from the view point of the scale-up of the dryer. Under the condition of complete mixing in the bed of bulk materials, the heat transfer models proposed for both the two types of dryers can predict the heat transfer coefficients in any sizes of the dryers. However, the complete mixing is not usually accomplished in the large scale of dryer. Hence, an “Incomplete mixing model” was proposed to estimate the effect of the incompleteness of mixing on the heat transfer coefficient. In this model, the incompleteness of mixing can be apparently taken into consideration only by increasing the contact time.     

Cu/Zn系统电化学置换过程的动力学研究及放大

对间歇搅拌反应器中Cu/Zn系统的电化学置换反应进行了实验研究。研究表明,在常用的工业条件下,过程为典型的流体滞流膜扩散控制。由2级实验(0.5L～5L)回归得到的传质速率规律以准数式表达为:Sh=2 0.725Rek1/2Sc1/3(Rek=σ1/3·dp/υ,Re≥2×104),表观活化能E=11.04kJ/mol。过程可以依据N∝DA-0.77进行放大,实验范围内放大10倍时Kt的相对误差小于5%,而放大100倍时的相对误差仅为3.88%。