导流筒直径对气升式环流反应器流动的影响和放大研究

使用欧拉 欧拉双流体模型考察了重油 氢气体系在温度70315 K和压力11 MPa下,导流筒直径对气升式环流反应器内气、液两相流动的影响和放大规律,为悬浮床工业装置提供理论指导。模拟结果表明,导流筒直径过大或者过小都会造成气含率和环流液速最大值沿径向出现一定偏移。当导流筒直径与反应器外筒直径之比(Di/Do)为070时,反应器内流动性能达到最佳。反应器体积较小时,Di/Do对反应器内流动改变不大;在放大过程中,整体气含率随着Di/Do增加先增加后趋于稳定,整体环流液速先增加后减小。对体积为2303 m3的环流反应器来说,Di/Do为075时流动性能较好;当反应器体积进一步放大至10942 m3和20842 m3时,流动特性在Di/Do为070时更好;放大过程中Di/Do最优区间出现一定的“左移”现象。     

放大准则对混合澄清槽混合室中混合时间和流动特性的影响

工业混合澄清槽混合室的放大设计多基于操作经验,缺乏理论基础。基于几何相似放大,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,针对间歇操作的单相体系,对4 种不同放大准则下混合室内混合时间和流场特性的变化规律进行研究。结果显示,混合时间的计算值与测量位置有关,但随转速的增加受测量位置的影响减小;充分湍流条件下,本研究体系的功率准数趋于常数N_P=1.3,且几何相似放大可以保证混合室中轴向流动的流型特征;等桨叶端面速度和等Reynolds 数准则下,所需混合时间长,且抽吸压头小;等循环时间准则下,可以得到与基准混合室相同的混合时间和较高的抽吸压头,但单位体积功耗急剧增加到基准槽的24 倍;等单位体积功耗准则下,在满足具有较低的混合时间和较高的抽吸压头的同时还保证了较低的单位体积功耗,优于其他3 种放大准则。     

连续操作密相流化床颗粒停留时间分布特性模拟放大研究

采用基于GPU（graphics processing unit）大规模并行的粗粒化CFD-DEM（computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method）方法,耦合多分散、非球形颗粒曳力模型,对连续操作的三维流化床进行了长时间颗粒停留时间模拟。通过对不同尺寸（长度）流化床的模拟发现不同粒径颗粒平均停留时间（mean residence time,MRT）与流化床长度呈线性关系,该关系可以用来预测更大尺寸流化床内的颗粒停留时间。随着流化床长度的增加,不同粒径颗粒MRT的差异变大,说明流化床长度的增加对不同尺寸颗粒的停留时间具有一定的调控能力。     

生物絮凝剂的扩大培养及其处理染料废水的研究

利用自制的放大反应器扩大培养酱油曲霉可制备出高效微生物絮凝剂,对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率最大可达99％以上。利用合成培养基、味精废水和米面废水扩大培养酱油曲霉制备出的微生物絮凝剂对染料废水应用研究表明,三种不同培养基培养酱油曲霉产生的絮凝剂对染料废水处理效果较好并且相差不大。     

集中式全空气空调系统该如何发展

回顾了家用空调和多联机空调系统的发展过程,认为集中式全空气空调系统的规模化生产是发展的必然趋势,其关键是实现规格化、模块化、系列化。提出了可实现规模化生产的全空气空调系统的模式。该系统可通过优化系统组合,取消二次回风,实现能量的最佳利用和回收,具有系统简洁、安装维护简便,可靠性高等优点。     

粉煤灰基陶瓷膜支撑体的制备与尺寸放大试验

选取固体废物粉煤灰作为支撑体骨料,TiO2为烧结助剂,羧甲基纤维素（CMC）为黏结剂,木炭粉为造孔剂,采用固态粒子烧结法制得初始陶瓷膜支撑体样品,并对其进行等比尺寸（直径）放大制备。探究支撑体尺寸放大制备中烧结温度、造孔剂添加量、尺寸（直径）放大倍数等因素对支撑体性能的影响,对物质组成、微观形貌、抗折强度、纯水通量、酸碱腐蚀率及孔径分布等性能进行表征。结果表明：最高烧结温度为1 050 ℃,造孔剂木炭粉添加量为15%（质量分数）,放大到原尺寸（直径）的2倍时,所制得支撑体性能最佳,其内部孔隙均匀,颈型结构明显,纯水通量为4 728.26 L/(m2?h?MPa),抗折强度为25.15 MPa,中值孔径为3.06 μm,孔隙率为38.56%,酸、碱质量损失率分别为0.33%、0.25%。     

Flexible distillation test rig on a laboratory scale for characterization of additively manufactured packings

Additive manufacturing is increasingly being used to develop innovative packings for absorption and desorption columns. Since distillation has not been in focus so far, this article aims to fill this gap. The objective is to obtain a miniaturized three dimensional (3D) printed packed column with optimized properties in terms of scalability and reproducibility, which increases process development efficiency. For this purpose, a flexible laboratory scale test rig is presented combining standard laboratory equipment with 3D printed components such as innovative multifunctional trays or the column wall with packing. The test rig offers a particularly wide operating range for column diameters between and . First results regarding the time to reach steady-state, operational stability, and separation efficiency measurements are presented using a 3D printable version of the Rombopak 9M. Currently, further developed and newly designed packing structures are being characterized, which should exhibit optimized properties especially with respect to scalability and separation efficiency.     

环氧乙烷氨化制乙醇胺ZSM-5沸石催化剂扩试研究

以特定无定形氧化硅小球为前体,优化沸石分子筛晶化工艺条件,成功用5 m~3晶化釜完成无定形氧化硅小球向ZSM-5分子筛整体转晶的扩试放大研究,再经氨交换及焙烧等过程制备环氧乙烷氨化制乙醇胺催化剂。XRD、SEM、低温N_2吸附-脱附等表征结果显示扩试催化剂的物化数据与小试催化剂基本一致。考察n(NH_3)∶n(环氧乙烷)对吨级扩试催化剂性能的影响,并进行1 000 h稳定性实验,在设计工艺条件下,吨级扩试催化剂性能可达到小试催化剂水平,且稳定性良好。     

Transforming Damage into Benefit: Corrosion Engineering Enabled Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting

Producing high-purity hydrogen from water electrocatalysis is essential for the flourishing hydrogen energy economy. It is of critical importance to develop low-cost yet efficient electrocatalysts to overcome the high activation barriers during water electrocatalysis. Among the various approaches of catalyst preparation, corrosion engineering that employs the autogenous corrosion reactions to achieve electrocatalysts has emerged as a burgeoning strategy over the past few years. Benefiting from the advantages of simple synthesis, effective regulation, easy scale-up production, and extremely low cost, corrosion engineering converts the harmful corrosion process into the useful catalyst preparation, achieving the goal of “transforming damage into benefit.” Herein, the concept of corrosion engineering, fundamental reaction mechanisms, and affecting factors are firstly introduced. Then, recent progresses on corrosion engineering for fabricating electrocatalysts toward water splitting are summarized and discussed. Specific attentions are devoted to the formation mechanisms, catalytic performances, and structure–activity relations of these catalysts as well as the approaches employed for performance improvements. At last, the current challenges and future exploiting directions are proposed for achieving highly active and durable electrocatalysts. It is envisioned to shed light on the multidisciplinary corrosion engineering that is closely associated with corrosion and material science for energy and environmental applications.     

一种高效合成2-氯-4-甲基磺酸-苯甲醛的方法

报道了一种高效合成标题化合物的方法。通过对溶剂、酸、临时导向基团和氯源的精确调控,可得到产率高达83%的邻位单氯取代产品。该优化体系可放大到克级,具有高活性和高选择性的特点。