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91.
Fernanda R C Damasceno Denise M G Freire Magali C Cammarota 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2008,83(5):730-738
BACKGROUND: The application of lipase‐rich enzyme pools (such as the crude solid enzymatic preparation (SEP) obtained from Penicillium restrictum solid‐state fermentation of agro‐industrial wastes) to activated sludge systems may be an effective strategy for preventing various operational problems. The continuous addition of SEP to the treatment system can become cost‐prohibitive when in situ production and/or storage are factored in. The application of SEP to high‐fat wastewater treatment would only be justified as an emergency measure, such as a sudden increase in the fat content of the bioreactor influent. Therefore, the primary objective of this work was to investigate the efficiency of a crude SEP during fat shock loads, simulated through the periodic addition of dairy industry waste containing high fat concentrations to the feed stock of an activated sludge system, operated in continuous mode. RESULTS: The test bioreactor exhibited a higher average chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency than the control bioreactor (83% for control and 90% for test) and the fat accumulation in the biological flocs of the test bioreactor was 3.2 times lower than that in the control bioreactor. Turbidity was also lower in the effluent of the test bioreactor (123 and 66 FTU in control and test, respectively) and it had a shorter recovery time between shock loads, especially when the interval between loads was shorter than one month (biweekly and weekly shock loads). CONCLUSION: The addition of SEP during fat overloads in the reactor feed maintained efficient COD removal in the test bioreactor for 270 days without any operational problems. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
92.
93.
Boiling: Size Distribution of Bubbles as Demanded by the Principle of Maximum Information 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The principle of maximum informational entropy is used to find the probability density function for the departure radius of a bubble in boiling on a solid surface. A general relation is derived, which leads to particular expressions. 相似文献
94.
Ferdinando Auricchio Lorenza Petrini 《International journal for numerical methods in engineering》2004,61(6):807-836
An always increasing knowledge on material properties as well as a progressively more sophisticated production technology make shape memory alloys (SMA) extremely interesting for the industrial world. At the same time, SMA devices are typically characterized by complex multi‐axial stress states as well as non‐homogeneous and non‐isothermal conditions both in space and time. This aspect suggests the finite element method as a useful tool to help and improve application design and realization. With this aim, we focus on a three‐dimensional macroscopic thermo‐mechanical model able to reproduce the most significant SMA features (Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 2002; 55 : 1255–1264), proposing a simple modification of such a model. However, the suggested modification allows the development of a time‐discrete solution algorithm, which is more effective and robust than the one previously discussed in the literature. We verify the computational tool ability to simulate realistic mechanical boundary value problems with prescribed temperature dependence, studying three SMA applications: a spring actuator, a self‐expanding stent, a coupling device for vacuum tightness. The effectiveness of the model to solve thermo‐mechanical coupled problems will be discussed in a forthcoming work. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
95.
Yu. A. Radin I. A. Grishin T. S. Kontorovich O. B. Panshina A. V. Chugin 《Power Technology and Engineering (formerly Hydrotechnical Construction)》2006,40(2):113-119
Problems arising with connecting the second exhaust-heat boiler to the first exhaust-heat boiler under load in the case of
flow circuits of combined-cycle plants of type PGU-450 are considered. Similar problems exist for two-boiler single-turbine
units of type PGU-325 and for two-boiler single-turbine units of traditional steampower plants with an output of 200–300 MW
upon connection of the second furnace of a two-furnace boiler to the operating first furnace. Analysis of the temperature-induced
stressed state and of the cyclic strength of thick-walled elements of the steam-water conduit of PGU-450 and of two-furnace
boilers of two-boiler single-turbine units with an output of 200–300 MW (the check valve, the inlet header of the water economizer)
is used for determining the steam temperature differences in the high-pressure conduits to the steam turbine and the order
of connection of the second exhaust-heat boiler to the operating fist one. Modes of enabling a two-boiler single-turbine unit
of a combined-cycle plant, which are most “rigid” from the standpoint of thermal strength, are determined.
__________
Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, February 2006, pp. 11–17. 相似文献
96.
Review on testers for measuring flow properties of bulk solids 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
Jörg Schwedes 《Granular Matter》2003,5(1):1-43
The author was asked by the International Fine Particle Research Institue (IFPRI) to write a critical review on shear testers
for IFPRI-members. The review was delivered to IFPRI in summer 1999. Following the contract with IFPRI it was not allowed
to publish the review elsewhere for at least two years. Granular Matter invited the author to submit the review in the original
form; during the refereeing process (besides other changes) it turned out that some remarks should be added here for clarification:
- Since 1999, the author is not aware of a really new device for testing bulk solid properties, which could lead to a change
of the general comments and conclusions provided in the review.
It was argued, that the review is referring too much to the work of Jenike, while the works of Johanson and Peschl were not
adequately cited. Both are excellent engineers with a lot of experience, but their basic ideas are not available in published
form, and if, they are not set in relation to alternative approaches so that an objective comparison in detail would be a
future research issue rather than a topic in this report.
A discussion on the influence of electrostatic charges was missing. There hardly is an influence, since the particles are
in continuous contact. Only with non-conducting plastic particles electrostatic charges could cause problems. But no relevant
experiments and results are known. In closed systems, the effect of electric charges is thus mainly neglected, but it is clear
that electrostatic forces are eminent in flows with a free surface – an issue not addressed in this review.
Received: 1 November 2002 相似文献
97.
98.
99.
CIMS可靠性模型随机研究的突出特点是工作站的并行结构使系统的状态个数呈现指数级增大,同时,并行结构与有限的缓冲库相互交织在一起,这使系统状态呈爆炸趋势,显然,对系统作精确的分析与系统呈现的状态爆炸趋势构成了难以解决的矛盾,如何解决这一矛盾正是CIMS随机理论有待开发的重要课题。我们把扩散近似方法引入到多台并行的CIMS可靠性模型中,以简单的连续过程描述了具有状态爆炸趋势的复杂离散过程,给出了CI 相似文献
100.
本文在文[1~3]的基础上,提出了受控离散事件过程(CDEP)的一种代数分析方法,弥补了Ramadge和Wonham[1~3]的理论对具体系统的应用缺乏可操作性的缺陷,使得对CDEP动态过程的分析变得更为直观,同时也使控制器的设计过程更具可操作性. 相似文献