模块化软件开发的标准化内涵和优势分析

简述了模块化理论的基本观点，着重从消费者和生产者两个角度分析了实施软件模块化开发的优势，指出了模块化开发的标准化内涵，揭示了软件开发方法上的模块化趋势。     

无磷洗涤剂的现状及存在问题

含磷洗涤剂中含的“磷”主要是STPP，作用很大但对环境的危害也很大，它是造成地表水体出现富营养化的重要原因之一，所以许多地方政府都在实行“禁磷”——禁止销售、使用含磷洗涤剂。现在我国使用的无磷洗涤剂中代磷助剂主要有3种，其中4A沸石用量最大，但它会对环境带来新的问题。主要介绍了含磷洗涤剂的危害及无磷洗涤剂的应用现状，指出了我国禁磷后将面临的问题。     

我国制造业企业信息化现状分析

制造企业实现信息化可以提高企业的核心竞争力和经济效益。但就目前而言，我国制造业企业信息化工作的整体水平还处于较低的层次，实践中仍存在一些问题，制约了企业信息化的进程。对我国制造业企业信息化的现状进行了分析，详细剖析了制造业企业在实施企业信息化工作中出现的一些典型误区，并提出企业领导人必须不断提高信息化意识，统筹安排企业信息化工作，从各个方面入手，有层次地逐步实施信息化，才能顺利地实现企业信息化的目标。     

Carbon mineralization from composts and food industry wastes added to soil

We have studied the short term C mineralization of six wastes from important food industries, one sludge from a biogas plant and three composts. All the wastes were characterized chemically and fractionated according to the Van Soest method. The fresh wastes were incubated under controlled environment conditions to determine the C mineralization rate. Based on first order mineralization kinetics, we calculated the hypothetical amount of stable C in the wastes as the amount of C that would not be mineralized within one year under field conditions. The percentage of stable organic C in the organic matter was in general much larger in the composts than in the other wastes, but when expressed on dry matter, the non-composted wastes had comparable or larger amounts of stable organic C than the composts and have a considerable potential for supplying organic matter to soils, and hence for C sequestration. The amount of stable organic C could best be predicted by the total N content of the wastes (R _a ² = 0.855), whereas the results of the fractionation had very little predictive power, probably due to problems related to the high ash content of some of the wastes. An index that combined stable organic C and N and P content in the wastes was calculated to assess possible limitations for applying these wastes in agriculture. Under current nutrient legislation in Western Europe, a number of these wastes will only be usable in small amounts, but these and other food industry wastes could still prove to be valuable soil amendments in nutrient poor situations, for increasing soil organic C content and supplying nutrients.     

Renewable energy in competitive electricity markets

A restructured electricity system may undervalue renewable energy. We remain wary of unregulated markets, but urge the renewable energy community to begin considering how they could adapt to increasing customer choice.     

努力攀登科技高峰 为把石化工业建成支柱产业多做贡献

概述中国石化总公司成立以来所取得的重大科技成果。     

Prediction of evaporation heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of refrigerant mixtures

A study on the prediction of heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and pressure drop of refrigerant mixtures is reported. HTCs and pressure drops of prospective mixtures to replace R12 and R22 are predicted on the same cooling capacity basis. Results indicate that nucleate boiling is suppressed at qualities greater than 20.0% for all mixtures and evaporation becomes the main heat transfer mechanism. For the same capacity, some mixtures containing R32 and R152a show 8.0–10.0% increase in HTCs. Some mixtures with large volatility difference exhibit as much as 55.0% reduction compared with R12 and R22, caused by mass transfer resistance and property degradation due to mixing (32.0%) and reduced mass flow rates (23.0%). Other mixtures with moderate volatility difference exhibit 20.0–30.0% degradation due mainly to reduced mass flow rates. The overall impact of heat transfer degradation, however, is insignificant if major heat transfer resistance exists in the heat transfer fluid side (air system). If the resistance in the heat transfer fluid side is of the same order of magnitude as that on the refrigerant side (water system), considerable reduction in overall HTC of up to 20% is expected. A study of the effect of uncertainties in transport properties on heat transfer shows that transport properties of liquid affect heat transfer more than other properties. Uncertainty of 10.0% in transport properties causes a change of less than 6% in heat transfer prediction.     

试论入世对中国氧化铝工业的影响

随着中国加入WTO，给企业带来了发展的机会，也带来了挑战。本文通过对中国氧化铝工业的现状及其与世界水平的差距的分析，阐明了入世后随着关税等贸易壁垒的消除，国内、国际市场的竞争更加激烈。明确指出了我国氧化铝工业面临的多重挑战，以及给中国氧化铝工业带来的机遇。强调充分利用WTO给企业创设的权利，借入世东风，促进我国氧化铝工业快速发展，只有发展，中国氧化铝工业才有出路。     

化工企业环境因素的评价

化工企业环境因素评价是建立环境管理体系的核心任务，化工企业生产过程的特点决定了其环境因素数量多、环境影响大、识别评价难、控制难度大。本文介绍了化工企业环境因素评价的技术方法和过程，可以为提高环境因素评价的科学性、客观性和充分性提供参考。     

我国秸杆人造板工业若干问题之我见

阐述我国发展秸秆人造板工业的必要性和可行性，介绍了秸秆人造板的种类、我国秸秆人造板工业发展现状和发展过程中应注意的问题，并对今后的发展提出了建议。