Application of solid phase-microextraction (SPME) and electronic nose techniques to differentiate volatiles of sesame oils prepared with diverse roasting conditions

Headspace volatiles of sesame oil (SO) from sesame seeds roasted at 9 different conditions were analyzed by a combination of solid phase microextraction (SPME)-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), electronic nose/metal oxide sensors (MOS), and electronic nose/MS. As roasting temperature increased from 213 to 247 °C, total headspace volatiles and pyrazines increased significantly (P < 0.05). Pyrazines were major volatiles in SO and furans, thiazoles, aldehydes, and alcohols were also detected. Roasting temperature was more discrimination factor than roasting time for the volatiles in SO through the principal component analysis (PCA) of SPME-GC/MS, electronic nose/MOS, and electronic nose/MS. Electronic nose/MS showed that ion fragment 52, 76, 53, and 51 amu played important roles in discriminating volatiles in SO from roasted sesame seeds, which are the major ion fragments from pyrazines, furans, and furfurals. SO roasted at 213, 230, and 247 °C were clearly differentiated from each other on the base of volatile distribution by SPME-GC/MS, electronic nose/MOS, and electronic nose/MS analyses. Practical Application: The results of this study are ready to apply for the discriminating samples using a combinational analysis of volatiles. Not only vegetable oils prepared from roasting process but also any food sample possessing volatiles could be targets for the SPME-GC/MS and electronic nose assays. Contents and types of pyrazines in sesame seed oil could be used as markers to track down the degree of roasting and oxidation during oil preparation.     

红外焙炒对菜籽油风味的影响机制

在不同温度（90、110、130、150、170 ℃）下红外焙炒油菜籽,经液压压榨制备菜籽油,通过油脂氧化、硫苷化合物降解反应和美拉德反应研究红外焙炒对菜籽油风味的影响机制,并与传统炒籽（170 ℃）进行比较。结果表明,红外焙炒的菜籽油较传统炒籽的菜籽油风味有显著改善,油脂味和辛辣刺激味较后者更轻,而烤香味相对更浓,同时多环芳烃种类和含量也较少。对冷榨菜籽油（由未经任何处理的油菜籽压榨制得）加热3 h,油脂热降解的标志性化合物（E,E）-2,4-庚二烯醛和（E,E）-2,4-癸二烯醛的含量分别增加3.86倍和6.28倍。随着焙炒温度的升高,红外焙炒处理的脱脂油菜籽中硫苷化合物含量从30.73 mg/kg减少至15.23 mg/kg,游离氨基酸总量从未处理的25.61 mg/100 g减少至15.82 mg/100 g,还原糖含量从7.61 mg/g减少至2.29 mg/g。红外焙炒对菜籽油风味的影响机制主要为不饱和脂肪酸降解成为中短链醛与烯醛类化合物,硫苷化合物降解生成异硫氰酸和腈类化合物,以及美拉德反应生成吡嗪、呋喃类化合物。     

Influence of roasting pretreatment on high‐oleic rapeseed oil quality evaluated by analytical and sensory approaches

Qualitative and quantitative effects on the contents of minor components of cold‐pressed high‐oleic rapeseed oil (HORO) were evaluated in a function of different roasting temperatures (80, 100, 120 and 140 °C). Along with roasting temperature elevation, a significant increase in the content of total tocopherols up to 32% (mainly γ‐T homologue) and a slight increase of total sterols concentration (up to 5%) were observed, whereas no significant changes in the fatty acid composition occurred during seeds thermal pretreatment. Additionally, an increased degree of hydrolysis and lipid oxidation was reported; however, obtained results were within codex limits. The peroxide value of the oil ranged from 1.30 to 2.34 mEq O₂ kg^?1, while the acid value did not exceed 0.46 mg/KOH g. Principal component analysis was capable of differentiating between rapeseed oils acquired from seeds pretreated with different roasting temperatures.     

远红外烤制对烤鱼品质及多环芳烃含量的影响

为了改善烤鱼的质构特性等食用品质,减少多环芳烃的形成,以草鱼为对象,研究传统炭烤和远红外烤制方式对烤鱼质构特性及多环芳烃含量的影响。结果表明：传统炭烤和远红外烤制对烤鱼的食用品质有不同影响,与传统炭烤鱼肉相比,远红外烤制鱼肉硬度显著降低（P＜0.05）,且剪切力均显著低于传统炭烤组（P＜0.05）,能够显著改善烤制鱼肉的嫩度;相对而言,远红外烤制鱼肉具有更优的质构特性;远红外烤制能显著降低烤鱼肉中PAH4（苯并(a)蒽、?、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘）和PAH16（萘、苊烯、苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并(a)蒽、?、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、茚苯(1,2,3-c,d)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽、苯并(g,h,i)芘）的生成量（P＜0.05）,与传统炭烤鱼肉相比,PAH4和PAH16总生成量分别下降39.07%和44.07%。     

烘烤温度对浓香油莎豆油风味及综合品质的影响

在浓香型油脂的生产中油料烘烤温度是影响产品风味的重要因素,为了对浓香油莎豆油的产品开发和工艺条件优化提供支持,采用不同温度对油莎豆进行烘烤并压榨制取浓香油莎豆油,对油莎豆油的多个品质指标进行检测分析,明确烘烤温度对油莎豆油风味及综合品质的影响。结果表明:油莎豆经140、150、160、170、180℃烘烤25 min后榨取的5个油样的酸值(KOH)为1.36~2.31 mg/g,过氧化值为1.60~2.24 mmol/kg,维生素E含量为177.82~207.14 mg/kg,甾醇含量为208.73~230.01 mg/100 g;烘烤温度对油莎豆油的脂肪酸组成影响不大,但随温度升高反式脂肪酸含量从未检出升高至0.029%,3,4-苯并[a]芘(BaP)含量从1.06μg/kg升高至1.66μg/kg,多环芳烃(PAH16)含量从63.67μg/kg升高至72.50μg/kg, 3-氯丙醇酯均未检出;随烘烤温度升高,5个油样中挥发性成分的种类及含量分别为60种16.46 mg/kg、87种33.07 mg/kg、81种22.36 mg/kg、78种17.71 mg/kg、57种21.78 mg/kg;150℃烘烤时油莎豆油的挥发性成分的种类和含量最为丰富;赋予浓香油莎豆油烘焙坚果味等正面风味属性的主要为杂环类物质,包括2,5-二甲基吡嗪和2-正戊基呋喃,其中2,5-二甲基吡嗪在140℃时的油莎豆油中未检出,之后随烘烤温度升高,在杂环类物质中的占比从烘烤温度150℃时的24.16%升高至烘烤温度为180℃的34.06%。综合油莎豆油风味、安全品质、营养品质和质量指标,浓香油莎豆油生产中以烘烤温度不超过160℃、烘烤时间不超过25 min为佳。     

不同焙火程度对武夷水仙品质和抗氧化活性的影响

试验测定了不同焙火程度武夷水仙(毛茶、轻火、中轻火、中火、足火)的主要生化成分及其清除DPPH自由基的能力。结果表明,中火处理的武夷水仙感官评价得分最高,滋味醇厚顺滑,花香馥郁持久,清亮度较高。随着焙火程度的增加,水浸出物含量呈上升趋势;茶多酚和氨基酸的含量焙至轻火时含量升至最高,而后随着焙火程度增加而减少;黄酮焙至轻火时含量降低,然后又随着焙火呈现先升后降的倒Z型曲线变化;咖啡碱含量总体呈下降趋势;抗氧化能力随着焙火程度的升高而下降,其清除能力依次为毛茶>轻火>中轻火>中火>足火。相关性分析表明,茶多酚含量与DPPH·清除率呈显著相关(p<0.05),氨基酸、咖啡碱含量与DPPH·清除率呈极显著相关性(p<0.01)。结合武夷水仙感官评定和抗氧化能力,中火和中轻火可以作为最佳焙火选择。     

烘焙度对冷萃咖啡理化指标与风味成分的影响

以亚洲咖啡豆为研究对象,分别选取浅、中、深3 种烘焙度的中国云南和印度尼西亚苏门答腊产的卡蒂姆种咖啡豆,比较分析冷萃与热萃方式对萃取浓度、萃取率、可滴定酸、总酚、总糖、咖啡因、葫芦巴碱、绿原酸、抗氧化活性与挥发性成分的差异,并进行主成分分析,从而探究烘焙度对冷萃咖啡理化指标与风味成分的影响规律。结果表明,随着烘焙度增加,冷萃咖啡的萃取浓度、萃取率均显著上升,可滴定酸、总酚、葫芦巴碱、绿原酸、抗氧化活性均显著下降（P＜0.05）。冷萃咖啡较热萃咖啡拥有更高的萃取浓度、萃取率与总糖含量（P＜0.05）,而可滴定酸、总酚含量、抗氧化活性较热萃显著偏低（P＜0.05）。经顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱检测分析发现,浅烘咖啡豆萃取液中的挥发性成分含量显著低于烘焙度高的咖啡萃取液,深烘咖啡豆萃取液中挥发性成分种类与总含量最多。进一步通过主成分分析能较好区分冷萃和热萃咖啡,两者挥发性成分贡献率具有较大差异。2-丁酮、2-丁烯醛等花香类物质对浅烘冷萃咖啡贡献率更高,而2-甲基吡嗪、糠醇等呈现烘焙坚果类香气物质对浅烘热萃咖啡贡献率更高;2,6-二乙基吡嗪、川芎嗪等烘焙坚果类香气物质对中烘冷萃和热萃咖啡具有较高的贡献率;2-乙烯基呋喃、甲基糠硫醇、2,5-二乙基吡嗪、糠基甲基硫醚等物质对深烘冷萃咖啡有较高贡献率,二甲基二硫、对甲酚、1-甲基吡咯等物质对深烘热萃咖啡贡献率更高。相对于热萃咖啡,烘焙度对冷萃咖啡抗氧化能力与挥发性成分的影响更大。     

Formation of acrylamide in microwave-roasted sorghum and associated dietary risk

The effect of microwave roasting parameters (300, 450 and 600 W; 5, 10 and 15 min) on acrylamide content in sorghum grain was determined using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)-photo diode array (PDA) detector coupled with C-18 column. Samples roasted at 300 and 450 W did not possess acrylamide, whereas 600 W (15 min) favoured formation of 2740.19 µg/kg of acrylamide, levels far exceeding the defined European Union (EU) limits. The chronic daily intake (CDI) for acrylamide through consumption of such grain flour was 3.25–9.5-fold higher to Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) defined high exposure limits. The margin of exposure (MOE) values ranged from 4.3 to 12.76 and from 11.07 to 32.27 for neoplastic and neurological effects, respectively, demonstrating high exposure and serious health concerns associated with dietary intake of this toxicant. This study assesses the risk for the Indian population and highlights the importance of optimising process parameters for food product to minimise such exposure risks.     

Effect of malting and roasting of chickpea on functional and nutritional qualities of its protein fractions

Chickpea is gaining importance as a sustainable plant-based protein source due to its high protein content and protein bioavailability. Malting and roasting, the traditional processing techniques, can be used to improve the protein quality of chickpea. The effect of two processing techniques on the water-soluble albumin fraction, salt-soluble globulin fraction, alcohol-soluble prolamin fraction, and alkali-soluble glutelin fraction was studied. Globulin content decreased from 45.85% to 37.08%, whereas the albumin fraction was found to increase from 4.16% to 7.08%, after 6 days of germination. It was observed that malting and roasting resulted in significant changes in the protein quality parameters and decrease in anti-nutritional factors. Tannin content reduced by 53.18% and 40.44%, and the trypsin inhibitor activity reduced by 14.91% and 34.59% after malting and roasting, respectively. The protein efficiency ratio, biological value, and nutritional index improved due to malting and roasting. The biological value of raw chickpea protein was found to be 74.97%, and it increased to 81.89% and 79.27% on malting and roasting, respectively, and protein digestibility values were also increased. Microstructural and diffraction patterns of chickpea flours were examined. Amino acid scores for infants and adults were calculated, and sulphur-containing amino acids were found to be the limiting amino acids in chickpea.     

基于EDEM的双锅曲毫机仿真试验

利用Solidworks建立了双锅曲毫机的3D几何模型,基于离散元法建立茶叶颗粒的颗粒模型和接触力学模型。将上述模型导入EDEM软件中,并根据实际珠茶炒制工艺设置关键技术参数。以提高珠茶成形率和降低珠茶碎茶率为目标,对炒板关键运动学参数摆幅及摆速进行了仿真计算,得到了珠茶颗粒在成形过程中的运动学及动力学曲线。为验证仿真的正确性,设计了二因素三水平正交试验,结果表明:珠茶做形品质的主要影响因素依次为摆速和摆幅。当弧形炒板的摆速为85r/min,摆幅为80°时,珠茶颗粒的成形率为91.1%,碎茶率为6.5%,同时具有较好的成茶品质。EDEM仿真与正交试验结果基本一致。