Optimisation studies on tri‐generation: a review

Electricity, heating and cooling usage at the same time constitute an important part of primary energy consumption. Currently, intense efforts are being devoted to the improvement and development of new technologies to promote energy savings and to mitigate the global warming. Among these technologies, tri‐generation and poly‐generation systems come into prominence due to their high efficiencies, as well as low operating costs and low greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, modelling and sizing these systems is a large‐sized problem itself, and the higher the number of inputs, the higher the computational complexity. This paper aims to give a comprehensive review of the optimisation techniques used in tri‐generation and poly‐generation systems modelling and optimisation. After having reviewed more than a hundred papers, taxonomy is constructed. Self‐organising map is used to cluster the reviewed studies based on the optimisation techniques. Variations of the energy resources and the outputs of implemented systems are summarised. The crowd of clusters demonstrated the widely used optimisation techniques and the gaps in research. This study will certainly pioneer the optimisation studies in the field of tri‐generation/poly‐generation applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种应用于ITS 的三频微带天线的设计*

设计了一种应用于智能交通系统(ITS)的三频微带天线,分别工作在GPS(1. 575GHz)、WLAN(2. 45GHz)以及DSRC(5. 8GHz)。采用堆叠结构实现大的双频比,其中顶层贴片工作在DSRC,底层贴片通过边缘处加 载四个相等矩形槽来实现双频。通过在方形贴片的一个对边边缘处加载两个相等的矩形槽来实现圆极化。通过调 整对角线上馈电点位置、平移顶层贴片以及改变底层贴片上的过孔大小来实现频带内的阻抗匹配。仿真和测试结 果表明吻合良好,该天线在三个频段内有着良好的阻抗匹配、轴比以及辐射方向图,能够满足设计要求。     

三相相转移催化合成对硝基苯甲醚的研究

合成制备了聚苯乙烯支载聚乙二醇 ,并以之作为三相相转移催化剂用于对硝基氯苯合成对硝基苯甲醚 ,考察了催化剂、NaOH、CH3OH等的用量对反应转化率的影响 ,得到了适宜的合成工艺条件为 :n(PCNB)∶n(CH3OH)∶n(NaOH)∶n(PTC) =1∶3∶3∶(0 0 3～ 0 0 5) ,反应温度约 78～ 80℃ ,反应时间 9～ 1 0h。在该条件下 ,对硝基氯苯转化率大于 99 5 % ,收率大于 95 % ,产品经气相色谱检测纯度达 99 7% ,聚苯乙烯支载聚乙二醇催化剂可重复使用 5次以上 ,反应母液经除盐后 ,配碱套用对反应无不良影响     

氨基磺酸催化合成柠檬酸三戊酯

以氨基磺酸为催化剂,由柠檬酸和正戊醇合成了新型增塑剂柠檬酸三戊酯,产品采用活性炭脱色,通过单因素和正交试验考察各因素对反应的影响。结果表明,当柠檬酸与正戊醇物质的量比为1:5.0、氨基磺酸用量为柠檬酸质量的1.0%、回流温度(135～145)℃和反应时间4 h条件下,柠檬酸三戊酯收率达90%以上。产品经红外光谱定性分析。纯度经气相色谱分析大于99.0%。     

泡沫级专用三(2-羟乙基)异氰尿酸酯改性蜜胺树脂

采用三(2-羟乙基)异氰尿酸酯(THEIC)改性蜜胺树脂,通过粘度和力学性能测试研究了改性树脂的聚合工艺条件(如物料配比、反应时间、改性剂添加量、固含量等)对体系聚合反应及改性产物韧性的影响,采用IR光谱对改性树脂的结构进行了表征。结果表明,THEIC参与了反应,植入蜜胺树脂的分子链中,加大了三嗪环之间的距离,起到增韧改性的目的。适合发泡用THEIC改性蜜胺树脂的适宜的工艺条件为:n(M)∶n(F)=1∶2.8,pH=9.0~9.5,反应温度(95±1)℃,时间80~100 min,固体质量分数为75%,THEIC添加量为10%。     

二异丙基联苯和三异丙基联苯混合物的合成研究

根据傅 克烷基化反应原理 ,以异丙醇为烷基化试剂 ,超酸作催化剂合成了一种主要含有二异丙基联苯和三异丙基联苯混合物的新型无碳复写纸染料溶剂 ,通过改变反应物配比、催化剂用量、反应温度等条件 ,得到合成二异丙基联苯和三异丙基联苯混合物的合适工艺条件 :反应物配比为 3∶1、催化剂质量分数 (以联苯的质量计 )为 5 0 %、温度为 85～ 90℃。     

Eu(3+)-β-二酮、三正辛胺三元配合物的合成与光谱特性

合成了铕(Ⅲ)的二苯甲酰甲烷、三正辛胺的三元配合物Eu(3+·(DBM)3·[N(C8H(17))3]2，通过元素分析确定了配合物的组成，并通过红外光谱对配合物进行了表征。结合红外光谱、荧光光谱讨论了配合物的成键特性、配体传能机制以及协同配体N(C8H(17))3引入对激发光谱的影响。荧光光谱表明配合物可吸收247～400nm的宽带紫外光，发射Eu(3+)的5D0→7F2对应的612nm红色荧光。适于用作农膜转光剂。     

三正丁基膦的合成和表征

研究了以四氢呋喃为溶剂、格氏试剂合成法合成三正丁基膦的方法,对合成条件进行了优化,对合成产物进行了分析鉴定。结果表明:在镁、溴代正丁烷和三氯化磷的摩尔配比为1.05∶1.0∶0.27,格氏试剂制备的温度控制为回流温度,烷基化的温度控制在-3～0℃,反应时间分别为1.0、2.0h,三正丁基膦的收率最高,以溴代正丁烷计收率为53.1%。经折光和NMR分析确证为目标产品,GC归一化法分析质量分数为96.7%。     

Structure–property relationships of poly(urethane‐urea)s with ultralow monol content poly(propylene glycol) soft segments. III. influence of mixed soft segments of ultralow monol poly(propylene glycol), poly(tetramethylene ether glycol), and tri(propylene glycol)

Recent advances in the catalyst technology associated with the production of poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) have allowed for the fabrication of ultralow monol content PPG macrodiols (Acclaim? polyols), which are highly bifunctional and can be produced in substantially higher molecular weights and with narrower molecular weight distributions than previously possible. These factors have enabled the preparation of higher value elastomers and may allow for the first manufacture of economically attractive PPG‐based poly(urethane‐urea) (PUU) fibers. In the past, many performance polyurethane and PUU elastomers used poly(tetramethylene ether glycol) (PTMEG) for the soft segments either alone or in combination with other macrodiols. The work presented here details the investigation of the morphological features of PUU systems with mixed soft segments of PPG, PTMEG, and a low molecular analog of PPG, tri(propylene glycol) (TPG) in an effort to ascertain the influence of structural features on the mechanical and thermal properties of the elastomers. Also of interest was whether the incorporation of PPG and TPG would either prohibit or greatly hinder the formation of strain‐induced PTMEG crystallites. It was found that, even when only 60 wt % of the soft segments consisted of PTMEG, those soft segments were still able to undergo recognizable strain‐induced crystallization as detected by wide‐angle X‐ray scattering. It was also seen that, as the ratio of PPG to PTMEG was varied, there were systematic changes in the soft segment glass transition and cold crystallization characteristics. Inclusion of PPG and TPG resulted in PTMEG's diminished ability to undergo cold and strain‐induced crystallization, as seen with differential scanning calorimetry and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3520–3529, 2003