Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Food Products: A Comprehensive Review

Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic pathogen that has been involved in several deadly illness outbreaks. Future outbreaks may be more difficult to manage because of the emergence of antibiotic resistance among L. monocytogenes strains isolated from food products. The present review summarizes the available evidence on the emergence of antibiotic resistance among L. monocytogenes strains isolated from food products and the possible ways this resistance has developed. Furthermore, the resistance of food L. monocytogenes isolates to antibiotics currently used in the treatment of human listeriosis such as penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and gentamicin, has been documented. Acquisition of movable genetic elements is considered the major mechanism of antibiotic resistance development in L. monocytogenes. Efflux pumps have also been linked with resistance of L. monocytogenes to some antibiotics including fluoroquinolones. Some L. monocytogenes strains isolated from food products are intrinsically resistant to several antibiotics. However, factors in food processing chains and environments (from farm to table) including extensive or sub‐inhibitory antibiotics use, horizontal gene transfer, exposure to environmental stresses, biofilm formation, and presence of persister cells play crucial roles in the development of antibiotic resistance by L. monocytogenes.     

采后O_3处理对使用CPPU猕猴桃贮藏品质及其抗性酶活性的影响

为探究臭氧(ozone,O_3)对膨大剂(N-2-氯-4-吡啶基苯-N’-苯基脲,CPPU)处理秦美猕猴桃果实贮藏期间其品质劣变的抑制效果,本文以生长期使用了20 mg/L CPPU的秦美猕猴桃果实为试验材料,在0±1℃条件下贮藏。研究了10、40和70 mg/m~3 O_3处理对贮藏期间秦美猕猴桃果实的品质指标、乙烯释放量、呼吸强度以及抗性酶活性的影响。试验结果表明40 mg/m~3 O_3可以减缓CPPU处理的秦美猕猴桃品质的下降趋势,减轻了可滴定酸、Vc含量的下降,保持了较好的硬度,减缓了可溶性固形物含量的上升;抑制了乙烯释放量和呼吸强度,减少果实软化;并增加了苯丙氨酸解氨酶(Phenylalanine ammonia lyase,PAL)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(β-1,3-glucanase,GLU)、几丁质酶(Chitinase,CHI)的活性,从而减少了秦美猕猴桃果实的腐烂率。O_3处理能有效减轻CPPU处理对秦美猕猴桃果实产生的负面影响并延长贮藏时间。     

基于中红外漫反射光谱技术测定精米中直链淀粉含量的研究

研究了基于傅里叶中红外漫反射光谱(DR-FTIR)技术结合偏最小二乘法(PLS)、主成分分析法(PCR)、经典最小二乘法(CLS)、逐步多元线性回归法(SMLR)快速测定精米中直链淀粉含量。实验选取了161个精米样品作为研究对象,通过光谱预处理,异常值剔除,波谱区间选择对模型进行了优化。结果表明:采用PLS建模,通过多元散射校正,向后区间偏最小二乘法预处理后,所构建的模型效果最优。此时,建模区间为3 800~3 500、3 100~3 000、2 900~2 400、2 300~1 300、1 000~900 cm~(-1),模型相关系数R为0.995 6,校正均方差为0.291,预测均方差为1.23;同时,实验另选了34种精米样品对模型进行了准确性验证。结果显示验证集样品的红外预测值与真实值高度相关,线性拟合方程为Y=0.994X+0.068,相关系数R为0.994 9,说明实验所开发的直链淀粉DR-FTIR模型是有效的,预测结果准确度好,模型稳定性高。     

基于竞争性等位基因特异性PCR技术的麦芽品种纯度定性和定量检测

利用测序技术筛选和确认4?个可以区分7?种大麦麦芽的单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP）位点,并建立区分图谱。同时,利用竞争性等位基因特异性聚合酶链式反应检测技术对预混样品进行定量测试,其检测的结果与真实性之间相对误差小于3%。该技术的建立对大麦麦芽纯度检测提供方法,对大麦麦芽SNP指纹数据库的完善提供了数据支持。     

大鼠经皮电阻试验在化妆品安全性评价中的应用

目的 探讨大鼠经皮电阻试验在化妆品皮肤腐蚀性/刺激性评价中的应用。方法 依照我国《化妆品安全技术规范》(2015版)中体外皮肤腐蚀性大鼠经皮电阻试验方法, 分别以Wistar大鼠和SD大鼠对7种化学品和5种化妆品进行皮肤腐蚀性检测, 考察该方法在化妆品成品检验中的可行性。结果 两品系大鼠经皮电阻试验判定7种化学品和5种化妆品结论一致, 方法灵敏性100%, 特异性75%, 两品系大鼠判定结果均将异丙醇和十二烷基磺酸钠(20%)判定为假阳性。结论 大鼠经皮电阻试验方法可用于化妆品及其原料皮肤腐蚀性的初筛。     

基于图像灰度处理的谷氨酰胺转氨酶产生菌半定量-高通量筛选

以图像灰度处理软件Image J为测量手段,以微生物谷氨酰胺转氨酶（MTG）产生菌拟无枝酸菌（Amycolatopsis sp.）109.5为出 发菌株,经紫外诱变后,对突变株进行半定量测定和高通量筛选。 突变株在含有营养琼脂培养基的96孔板中30 ℃条件下培养3 d后进 行显色反应,利用Image J获得各孔灰度均值,根据灰度均值差异预测突变株的产酶水平。 结果表明,从334株突变株中筛选到一株 MTG活力为0.803 U/mL的正突变株80,较出发菌株MTG活力提高148.6%。 基于Image J图像处理软件与96孔板的固体培养法可以实 现MTG产生菌株的半定量测定和高通量筛选。     

2016年上海市市售肉制品中沙门菌耐药谱与分型研究

目的 研究上海市市售肉制品中沙门菌血清型、耐药谱和分子分型特征。方法 2016年1～8月在上海市所辖16个行政区,随机选择1个密集型社区,抽取1家超市或市场作为哨点,定期采集畜、禽类肉制品,按国家食品安全风险评估中心(CFSA)食源性疾病监测方案进行沙门菌分离、血清分型、抗生素定量检测与剂量评估、优势菌的分子分型。结果 606份样品包括猪、鸡、鸭、牛、羊、鹅肉制品,共分离沙门菌158株,总阳性率为26.1%,畜肉和禽肉来源分别占52.5%(83/158)和47.5%(75/158)。前5位沙门菌血清型依次为肠炎沙门菌、鼠伤寒沙门菌、德尔卑沙门菌、罗森沙门菌和印第安纳沙门菌,畜肉和禽肉来源优势菌型间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);菌株对磺胺异噁唑耐药率最高(79.7%,126/158),对链霉素、萘啶酸、氨苄西林、四环素和氯霉素耐药率在38.0%～77.8%,多重耐药(MDR)菌株(≥3类)占77.8%(123/158),猪肉来源沙门菌对庆大霉素、链霉素、磺胺异噁唑、复方新诺明、氯霉素、四环素耐药率均高于鸡肉来源沙门菌,鸡肉来源沙门菌对头孢噻呋、头孢曲松、萘啶酸耐药率均高于猪肉来源沙门菌,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),32.9%(52/158)的菌株对至少6种抗生素超检测限值;肠炎沙门菌有15个分型,以1型和3型为优势型;鼠伤寒沙门菌有23个分型,具有遗传多样性特征。结论 上海市市售肉制品沙门菌暴露以猪肉和鸡肉来源为主,肉制品中多重耐药沙门菌污染严重。猪肉来源的罗森沙门菌和鸡肉来源的吉韦沙门菌是新输入性的血清型。     

Significant population structure in Australian Cryptolestes ferrugineus and interpreting the potential spread of phosphine resistance

An analysis of the population genetics of Cryptolestes ferrugineus, across all major regions in Australia where grain is grown and stored in bulk, provides an initial step in investigating the movement of these insects and implications for the spread of phosphine resistance. Microsatellite data revealed two levels of genetic structure. Across Australia, two clusters were detected, one in eastern Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania) and Western Australia (Cluster 1) and one in South Australia (Cluster 2). Intermediate between them, in eastern South Australia, are a couple of populations that are equally admixed for the two clusters. Populations in Western Australia and western SA belong to different clusters suggesting that the extensive and arid Nullarbor Plain restricts the natural dispersal of these beetles. Isolation-by-distance and the detection of clustering among local populations suggests there is considerable gene flow at a local scale in C. ferrugineus, and we infer this is by flight. Limited natural gene flow between eastern and western Australia might, in part, explain why extremely high resistance has not been detected in Western Australia.     

Modification of pork-skin jelly by enzymatic cross-linking: melting resistance and quality improvement

Improvements of melting resistance and quality by modification of pork-skin jelly through enzymatic cross-linking were studied, and the mechanism of quality improvement was discussed in this work. Gel strength, springiness and chewiness of modified gel increased significantly (P < 0.05). Transglutaminase (TGase) also improved the viscoelasticity, stability and melting resistance of gel system, as proved by rheological analysis. Sensory evaluation showed that increase in texture need to be moderate and the utilisation of 0.6% TGase was the most appropriate for pork-skin jelly. Significant effects of TGase on inducing protein cross-link and aggregation were confirmed by determining rheology during enzyme treatment and cross-linking extent of pork-skin soup. Correlation analysis showed TGase could improve melting temperature and texture by facilitating cross-linking. Covalent interaction based on ε-(γ-glutamyl)-lysine induced by TGase could play the main role in these improvements. This study suggested that TGase could be applied to design gelatin-based food for tailored quality properties through enzymatic cross-linking.