挤出型3D打印混凝土力学性能研究进展

介绍了3D打印混凝土的特点与前景,综述了挤出型工艺的3D打印混凝土的压、拉、折、剪基本力学性能以及增强措施.研究表明:打印层在喷嘴的挤压作用下密实度有所提高,但同时层间易形成薄弱界面,造成性能的各向异性,通过调整胶凝材料、掺入纤维、优化工艺、水浴养护、布筋等措施能有效改善.此外,提出了还需进一步研究的问题.     

Thermoelectric properties of the textured Bi1.9Gd0.1Te3 compounds spark-plasma-sintered at various temperatures

Elemental composition, crystal and grain structures, specific electrical resistivity, Seebeck coefficient, thermal conductivity, and thermoelectric figure-of-merit of n-type grained Bi_1.9Gd_0.1Te₃ compounds, spark-plasma-sintered at T_S = 690, 720, 750, 780 and 810 K, have been studied. All the samples are highly textured along the 001 direction parallel to the pressing direction. The average grain size measured along the pressing direction is much less as compared to the average grain size measured in the perpendicular direction. A strong anisotropy in the transport properties measured along directions parallel and perpendicular to the pressing direction was found within the 290 ÷ 630 K interval. Electrical resistivity decreases and thermal conductivity increases for parallel orientation as compared to these properties for perpendicular orientation. The T_S - effect on thermoelectric figure-of-merit of textured Bi_1.9Gd_0.1Te₃ compounds has been found and analyzed. Highest thermoelectric figure-of-merit (∼0.75) was observed for sample with T_S = 750 K at perpendicular orientation.     

NiO/NiFe/Cu/NiFe自旋阀中巨磁电阻效应的各向异性

用射频磁控溅射的方法制备自旋阀NiO／NiFe／Cu／NiFe,通过改变外磁场、电流以及钉扎层易轴间的相对取向,研究自旋阀中的磁电阻与三者相对取向间的关系。结果表明,在自旋阀中磁电阻效应具有各向异性的特点。各向异性的起因在于磁性材料的磁各向异性和磁性材料中电子散射的各向异性。     

A method of predicting macroscopic yield strength of polycrystalline metals subjected to plastic forming by micro-macro de-coupling scheme

We introduce a method of predicting the macroscopic yield strength of polycrystalline metals subjected to plastic forming, which hinges on the reliability of the micro-macro decoupling scheme for solving the corresponding two-scale boundary value problem. A polycrystalline aggregate composed of several crystal grains is adopted as a periodic microstructure, namely unit cell, and is regarded as a numerical specimen for numerical material tests (NMTs) based on the homogenization theory. The NMTs are conducted to identify the material parameters of the assumed approximate macroscopic constitutive model and followed by the de-coupled macro-scale analysis to simulate the macro-scale forming process. We then conduct the de-coupled micro-scale analysis by applying the resulting macroscopic deformation histories to the microstructures associated with the macroscopic points of interest in order to obtain the numerical specimens after plastic forming. Finally, the NMTs are conducted on the prepared specimens to evaluate the macroscopic post-forming yield strengths. We validate the proposed method by taking the three-step forming process as an example of macroscopic plastic forming. The validation of the method is made in comparison with the results with those obtained by the equivalent two-scale analysis with the coupling scheme. To demonstrate the capability and promise of the proposed method for practical applications, we also present an numerical example of the rolling process that causes the texture development in crystal grains.     

Role of grain orientation in the failure of Sn-based solder joints under thermomechanical fatigue

A small Pb-free solder joint exhibits an extremely strong anisotropy due to the bodycentered tetragonal (BCT) lattice structure of β-Sn. Grain orientations can significantly influence the failure mode of Pb-free solder joints under thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) due to the coeffcient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch of β-Sn grains. The research work in this paper focused on the microstructure and damage evolution of Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu BGA packages as well as individual Sn3.5Ag solder joints without constraints introduced by the package structure under TMF tests. The microstructure and damage evolution in cross-sections of solder joints under thermomechanical shock tests were characterized using optical microscopy with cross-polarized light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and orientations of Sn grains were determined by orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). During TMF, obvious recrystallization regions were observed with different thermomechanical responses depending on Sn grain orientations. It indicates that substantial stresses can build up at grain boundaries, leading to significant grain boundary sliding. The results show that recrystallized grains prefer to nucleate along pre-existing high-angle grain boundaries and fatigue cracks tend to propagate intergranularly in recrystallized regions, leading to an accelerated damage after recrystallization.     

镍基单晶高温合金蠕变-疲劳寿命评估方法进展

论述镍基单晶合金的滑移变形机制和疲劳裂纹萌生机理，分别介绍镍基单晶合金蠕变寿命和低循环疲劳寿命分析评估模型；镍基单晶合金蠕变、疲劳寿命的研究方法可分为应用各向异性张量描述非弹性各向异性变形的宏观力学(唯象)模型和基于晶体学滑移变形理论的微观力学模型；晶体取向、平均应力、环境温度、循环频率、循环应力比是影响单晶合金蠕变-疲劳寿命的主要因素。复杂应力状态下的单晶合金多轴低循环疲劳损伤，单晶合金在疲劳-蠕变交互作用下的疲劳损伤和单晶合金的接触疲劳损伤等问题是需要研究的重要课题。     

砂岩渗透率各向异性储层中斜井泥浆侵入数值模拟

受砂岩沉积特征的影响,平面上同一微相在同一时期沉积砂岩成分和结构是基本相同的,表现为局部或多个井区内呈现出均质特征;纵向上沉积时期不同岩石成分和结构会发生变化,表现为薄层油藏出现砂泥互层,厚油层出现有规律的韵律变化,造成油层垂向上非均质性要强于平面上,表现为垂向渗透率要低于水平渗透率。在大斜度井环境中,渗透率各项异性会对泥浆滤液的侵入造成影响。本文根据油水两相模型和渗流理论,模拟了渗透率各向异性情况下的井筒周围流体分布情况,这对斜井环境下测井精细解释有非常重要的意义。     

Improved shape evolution of copper interconnects prepared by jet-stream etching

In the preparation of copper interconnects in the conductor pattern of a printed circuit board (PCB), wet etching processes are commonly adopted for creating patterns of high-density interconnects. Currently available techniques of immersion and spray etching could lead to poorly shaped wires due to complex flow fields or the disturbing puddling effect. A modified technique of arrayed jet-stream etching was developed in this work, aiming at producing well-defined copper interconnects on a PCB in a significantly shorter time. The results were appealing in that copper interconnects of 35/140 μm (thickness/width) exhibiting etching factors of greater than 6 were obtained in 20 s, much better than the conventional ones with etching factors of 3 to 5 and etching times of at least 2 min. In addition, uniformly etched copper interconnects with less than 20 μm undercuts were observed on one etching line. One additional point to note is that no banking agents or inhibitors as commonly seen in conventional etching techniques were needed in this new processing method.     

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高陡复杂构造及其油气藏是我国特别是西部地区重要的油气勘探领域。高陡复杂构造的准确成像是高陡复杂构造及其油气藏地震勘探面临的关键问题之一。影响高陡复杂构造准确成像的主要问题有：①山地条件下，因地形起伏、表层结构横向剧烈变化所引起的静校正问题；②地层速度的各向异性对速度分析和动校叠加的影响；③复杂构造对共中心点叠加的影响和复杂波场的准确归位问题。通过多年研究，在高陡复杂构造成像技术上取得了四项重要进展：一是形成了基于大炮初至层析反演表层结构的配套静校正技术;二是形成了基于各向异性条件的动校叠加技术;三是形成了构造模式指导下的叠后偏移技术和叠前叠后相结合的混合偏移技术;四是开发出了复杂构造的变层速度成图技术。应用这些技术取得了很好的实际应用效果。     

Synergistic effects of anisotropy and image force on TEM diffraction contrast of dislocation loops

Based on column approximation (CA) assumption, many-beam Schaeublin–Stadelmann diffraction equations are employed for simulating the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) diffraction image contrast of dislocation loops within thin TEM foil of finite thickness, and two beam and many beam diffraction conditions are compared. Moreover, the effects of materials anisotropy and free surface relaxation induced elastic fields distortion of dislocation loops on the black-white image contrast are specially focused. It is found that anisotropy has a remarkable impact on the TEM image contrast of dislocation loop, and free surface relaxation induced image forces can change the black-white contrast features when dislocation loops are near TEM foil free surfaces. Thus, in order to make reliable judgment on the nature of defects, effects of free surface and anisotropy should be included when analysing irradiation induced dislocation loops and other type of defects in in-situ electron, proton, heavy-ion irradiation experiments under TEM environments.