微生物柴油的研究

微生物油脂主要是微生物利用碳水化合物合成的甘油酯，其脂肪酸组成和植物油相近，有的还含有较丰富的多不饱和脂肪酸，具有广阔的开发应用前景。介绍了从微生物油脂中分离纯化具有功能性的多不饱和脂肪酸的方法，继而阐述了以微生物油脂为原料，甲醇作酯交换剂，在催化剂的作用下制备生物柴油的方法和技术。同时对微生物柴油的可行性进行了分析。     

高炉BISCHOFF煤气净化系统干油集中润滑的设计与应用

将不同排量的分配器中间片进行组合,按用点实际需要将分配器的几个出油口并到一起然后接到相应的润滑点,将相同周期的润滑分配器用同一个换向阀来控制,从而满足了用点用量极不对称的要求,将原来几套润滑系统才能实现的集中控制用一套润滑系统即解决,系统结构简单,维护方便。     

Effects of transferring glacier-fed water to a clear-water mountain river on the production and food organisms of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in Southern Norway

The effects of transferring glacier-fed water to a clear-water river on production and food organisms of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) were investigated in a mountain river, in southern Norway. Production in unregulated fluvial habitat was 271.5 g 100 m^?2 yr^?1 compared with 103.1 g 100 m^?2 yr^?1 in a glacier-fed reach of the river. This difference was due to low fish density and recruitment rate. The growth rate, at least for younger fish (2+ to 4+ age groups), was significantly higher in the regulated reach of the river. The main difference in food composition was the low abundance of crustaceans Eurycercus lamellatus and Gammarus lacustris in the regulated reach. Trichopterans were the main diet component in both sites.     

Validation of a FT-IR method for the determination of oils and grease in water using tetrachloroethylene as the extraction solvent

The term “Oils and Grease” (OG) encompasses a broad family of chemical compounds such as fatty material of biogenic origin, or petroleum hydrocarbon constituents. These compounds can cause environmental degradation and induce related public health risks when discharged in surface or ground waters. Consequently, OG is regulated by both European and National legislation for drinking water and wastewater. The development of methods for OG determination presents several difficulties and challenges for the analytical laboratory, since this parameter is methoddefined, i.e. the method establishes the measurand. Among several alternative methods that have been proposed in the literature, FT-IR determination after liquid–liquid extraction is known to be an easy, low-cost alternative for monitoring of OG at the ppm level. However, established FT-IR methods are based on Freon 113 extraction, a solvent which has been banned as an ozone depleting agent. This paper presents the development and validation of an in-house FT-IR method for the determination of OG in water that uses tetrachloroethylene as a Freon 113 substitute. The method was developed in EYDAP’s laboratories for the monitoring and control of OG in surface and drinking waters. Results regarding the calibration, linearity, OG recovery, precision, detection — quantitation limits and robustness are presented and discussed. Tetrachloroethylene proved to be a suitable alternative to Freon 113 and the method was deemed appropriate for monitoring oil spills or discharges in surface waters or in the drinking water network, at levels > 0.1 ppm.     

Antifriction plastic greases based on intermediate products of oil refining and liquid crystalline compounds

The rheological and triboengineering properties are presented of hydrated calcium plastic greases based on intermediate products of oil refining (hydrofined vacuum gas oil and vacuum distillate). It is shown that application of liquid crystalline cholesterol compounds as an additional component of the dispersion medium of plastic greases permits significant reduction of the wear and losses for friction and boosts the load—bearing capacity of tribocouples.     

弹性流体动力脂润滑光干涉试验台的研制

由于弹流润滑的接触区域小、润滑膜厚度薄,且由于润滑脂的非线性黏塑性和强烈的非牛顿性,使得弹流脂润滑的润滑膜厚度测量及实验研究十分困难。基于光干涉测量润滑膜厚度的基本原理,研制出一种弹性流体动力脂润滑的光干涉试验台,并设计其机械传动装置、图像采集装置、供脂及加载装置。在该光干涉试验台上进行白光干涉和单色光干涉试验,Hertz干接触及弹流脂润滑试验。结果表明,该光干涉试验台采集的图像清晰稳定;采用单色光干涉试验比白光干涉试验获得的条纹更加清晰,且测量范围更大。理论计算与实验测量结果一致,表明该试验台可用于弹流脂润滑的实验研究。     

Composites produced from waste plastic with agricultural and energy sector by-products

A three-stage route to chemically upcycle post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) to produce high compressive strength composites is reported. This procedure involves initial glycolysis with diethylene glycol to produce a mixture (GPET) comprising oligomers of 2–7 terephthalate units followed by trans/esterification of GPET with fatty acid chains supplied by brown grease, an agricultural by-product of animal fat of relatively low nutritional or fuel value. This process yields PGB comprising a mixture of mono-terephthalate ester derivatives. The olefin units provided by unsaturated fatty acid chains in brown grease were crosslinked by an inverse vulcanization reaction with elemental sulfur to give composites GBS_x (x = wt% S, varied from 80%–90%). The compressive strengths of GBS₈₀ (27.5 ± 2.6 MPa) and GBS₉₀ (19.2 ± 0.8 MPa) exceed the compressive strength required of ordinary Portland cement (17 MPa) for its use in residential building foundations. The current route represents a way to repurpose waste plastic, energy sector by-product sulfur, and agricultural by-product brown grease to give high strength composites with mechanical properties suggesting their possible use to replace less sustainably sourced legacy structural materials.     

烟草赤星病抗性鉴定的新方法──毒素抗性鉴定法

真菌毒素的应用使烟草对赤星病抗性的鉴定更加快速、方便和可靠。木文根据国内外文献，综述毒素抗性鉴定的几种方法及毒素制备过程，并对这类新的抗性鉴定方法的优缺点进行了分析，同时预测其应用前景。     

烟草抗赤星病诱导的生理生化学及组织病理学研究

研究结果表明，诱导处理后的叶片组织可溶性还原糖浓度下降，挑战接种后迅速上升；酚类物质的含量随抗性诱导效果的加强而增加；可溶性蛋白质除诱导后第３天增加外，其余时间均下降，同时组织内全氮增加。经电镜扫描及超薄切片观察发现，诱导处理后叶片表面孢子萌发能力降低，气孔中有电子致密物质渗出；在孢子侵入位点，细胞壁变厚，细胞质浓缩，细胞内细胞器基本没有变化。诱导处理可引起组织及细胞学变化。     

超声波处理对糙米发芽生理影响的研究

研究了不同浸泡温度下糙米含水量变化,同时采用20kHz超声波对糙米进行0,3,5,7,14,28min的时间处理,以探索超声波对浸泡发芽中糙米生理活动的影响。在实验条件下,7min处理相比于对照能明显提高糙米α淀粉酶活力,加速还原糖积累和呼吸强度升高,14min、3.5min表现相同趋势。