Fuel and emissions properties of Stirling engine operated with wood powder

From viewpoints of the environment and fuel cost reduction, small-scale biomass combined heat and power (CHP) plants are in demand, especially wood-waste fueled system, which are simple to operate and maintenance-free with high thermal efficiency similar to oil fired units. These are requested by wood and other industries located in mountainous region. To meet these requirements, a Stirling engine CHP system combined with simplified biomass combustion process with pulverized wood powder was developed.In an R&D project started in 2004 considering wood powder properties as a fuel, combustion performance and emissions in combustion flue gas were tested using combustion test apparatus with commercial size units. The wood powder combustion system was modified and optimized during the combustion test results, and the design of the demonstration plant combined with 55 kW_e Stirling engine power unit was considered. The demonstration plant was finally completed in March of 2006, and test operation has been progressed for the future commercial CHP system.In the wood powder combustion test, wood powder of less than 500 μm is mainly used, and a combustion chamber length of 3 m is applied. In these conditions, the air ratio can be reduced to 1.1 without increasing CO emission of less than 10 ppm and combustion efficiency of 99.9%. In the same conditions, NO_x emission is estimated to be less than 120 ppm (6% O₂ basis). Wood powder was confirmed to have excellent properties as a fuel for Stirling engine CHP system. This paper summarizes the wood powder combustion test, and presents the evaluation of the burner design parameters for the biomass Stirling engine system.     

面向电-热综合能源系统的双线性抗差状态估计方法

提出一种面向电-热综合能源系统(IEHS)的双线性抗差状态估计方法。首先,通过引入辅助变量构建IEHS的线性加权最小绝对值(WLAV)模型,然后通过一次非线性变换与求解一个二次规划模型得到状态变量的估计值。所提方法的优势为：对强相关的多不良数据具有较好的辨识能力;不需要进行非线性迭代,因而具有较高的计算效率。在搭建的IEHS测试系统上验证了所提方法的有效性。     

配前置低压缸的大型火电机组热电联供研究

热电联供是目前火电机组大幅降低CO2排放的唯一可行途径。针对大型火电机组热电联供,提出了带调节及切除功能的前置低压缸供热方案,可以解决大型机组差胀大的问题,缓解常规方案中较低电负荷或较大热负荷时节流损失、回热系统损失和余速损失的增加。通过对一次和二次再热机组实例的计算定量分析表明,带调节及切除功能的前置低压缸供热方案的经济性更优。     

SOFC热电联供系统热电性能调节方法研究

针对固体氧化物燃料电池热电联供系统提出了两种热电性能调节方法,调节方法1控制电池操作温度和燃料利用率不变,调节方法2控制电池操作电压和操作温度不变.采用参数分析法研究了不同调节方法对系统热、电综合性能的影响.两种调节方法适用于建筑物热电联供系统,在实际应用中需要根据需求侧的热、电输出特性,考虑系统的综合性能,选择最佳的调节方法.     

对核供热方式的探讨

本文根据热力学原理,对采用何种供热方式,选择何种堆型其核能利用率最佳这一问题进行分析。分析结果认为,采用模块式高温气冷堆实现核热电联供是核供热的最佳方式,与其它核供热方式相比,采用核热电联供不仅可以节约大量的核燃料,而且在其它方面也具有较大的优越性。     

供热机组的热经济学法性能在线分析及运行考核系统

针对某电厂 65 MW 供热机组,采用热经济学法以及热量法分别进行了热电分摊性能参数的计算,并把结果进行了对比。进行了主要技术经济指标、各班组运行考核小指标以及辅机单耗的在线分析和处理,同时开发了基于 C/S 结构的性能分析软件,为运行和考核人员提供了运行考核机制。     

Effects on CHP plant efficiency of H2 production through partial oxydation of natural gas over two group VIII metal catalysts

Blending H₂ with natural gas in spark ignition engines can increase for electric efficiency. In-situ H₂ production for spark ignition engines fuelled by natural gas has therefore been investigated recently, and reformed exhaust gas recirculation (RGR) has been identified a potentially advantageous approach: RGR uses the steam and O₂ contained in exhaust gases under lean combustion, for reforming natural gas and producing H₂, CO, and CO₂. In this paper, an alternative approach is introduced: air gas reforming circulation (AGRC). AGRC uses directly the O₂ contained in air, rendering the chemical pathway comparable to partial oxidation. Formulations based on palladium and platinum have been selected as potential catalysts. With AGRC, the concentrations of the constituents of the reformed gas are approximately 25% hydrogen, 10% carbon monoxide, 8% unconverted hydrocarbons and 55% nitrogen. Experimental results are presented for the electric efficiency and exhaust gas (CO and HC) composition of the overall system (SI engine equipped with AGRC). It is demonstrated that the electric efficiency can increase for specific ratios of air to natural gas over the catalyst. Although the electric efficiency gain with AGRC is modest at around 0.2%, AGRC can be cost effective because of its straightforward and inexpensive implementation. Misfiring and knock were both not observed in the tests reported here. Nevertheless, technical means of avoiding knock are described by adjusting the main flow of natural gas and the additional flow of AGRC.     

Low grade thermal energy sources and uses from the process industry in the UK

Thermal energy loss in the process industry is a significant issue due to the high temperatures and multiple heat intensive processes involved. High-grade thermal energy is typically recovered within processes. However, lower grade heat is often rejected to the environment.The benefits of capturing and utilising low grade thermal energy are highly dependent on the qualities and properties of the heat in the waste streams. The temperature of the low grade heat stream is the most important parameter, as the effective use of the residual heat or the efficiency of energy recovery from the low grade heat sources will mainly depend on the temperature difference between the source and a suitable sink, e.g. another process or space heating/cooling. In general, the temperatures of these waste heat sources are too low to produce electricity and direct heat use will depend on whether potential user can be found.This paper presents past and current drivers for heat recovery studies. High and low grade heat sources are defined according to the viability of recovery within the processes. Firstly, high grade heat capture within the processes is reviewed. Then, the focus is on the potential for low grade heat capture outside of the original plant. The paper addresses the potential for low grade heat recovery with regard to new incentives and technological advances. Finally, different aspects which influence the decision making for low grade heat recovery in the process industry are discussed. It is concluded that organisational, financial and economic barriers might be overcome and benefits from a holistic vision could be gained with stronger governmental policy and regulation incentives.     

基于有机朗肯循环的生物质能热电联产技术的研究

阐述了中国生物质能开发和利用的前景,总结比较了国内外不同的生物质能热电联产技术,提出并介绍了基于有机朗肯循环(ORC)的生物质能热电联产技术。最后,讨论了ORC在回收余热、废热和冷能等方面的应用。     

Energy use, cost and CO2 emissions of electric cars

We examine efficiency, costs and greenhouse gas emissions of current and future electric cars (EV), including the impact from charging EV on electricity demand and infrastructure for generation and distribution.Uncoordinated charging would increase national peak load by 7% at 30% penetration rate of EV and household peak load by 54%, which may exceed the capacity of existing electricity distribution infrastructure. At 30% penetration of EV, off-peak charging would result in a 20% higher, more stable base load and no additional peak load at the national level and up to 7% higher peak load at the household level. Therefore, if off-peak charging is successfully introduced, electric driving need not require additional generation capacity, even in case of 100% switch to electric vehicles.GHG emissions from electric driving depend most on the fuel type (coal or natural gas) used in the generation of electricity for charging, and range between 0 g km⁻¹ (using renewables) and 155 g km⁻¹ (using electricity from an old coal-based plant). Based on the generation capacity projected for the Netherlands in 2015, electricity for EV charging would largely be generated using natural gas, emitting 35-77 g CO_2 eq km⁻¹.We find that total cost of ownership (TCO) of current EV are uncompetitive with regular cars and series hybrid cars by more than 800 € year⁻¹. TCO of future wheel motor PHEV may become competitive when batteries cost 400 € kWh⁻¹, even without tax incentives, as long as one battery pack can last for the lifespan of the vehicle. However, TCO of future battery powered cars is at least 25% higher than of series hybrid or regular cars. This cost gap remains unless cost of batteries drops to 150 € kWh⁻¹ in the future. Variations in driving cost from charging patterns have negligible influence on TCO.GHG abatement costs using plug-in hybrid cars are currently 400-1400 € tonne⁻¹ CO_2 eq and may come down to −100 to 300 € tonne⁻¹. Abatement cost using battery powered cars are currently above 1900 € tonne⁻¹ and are not projected to drop below 300-800 € tonne⁻¹.