欧洲电力市场开放对热电联产的影响

概述欧洲电力市场开放所产生的影响,重点介绍电力市场开放对热电联产的不利影响,并介绍这个国家的具体情况。     

21世纪电力发展的必由之路——高效、环保及可持续性发展

为确保人类社会的可持续性发展,电力工业的发电针发生很大变化。本文对世界范围内的最新高效、环保型发电技术及其应用和发展趋势做了全面的介绍,具体包括高效超临界机组、蒸汽－燃气联合循环、多联产发电、增压流化床与煤整体气化联合循环相结合及可再生能源发电等诸多方面。     

Use of waste for heat,electricity and transport—Challenges when performing energy system analysis

This paper presents a comparative energy system analysis of different technologies utilising organic waste for heat and power production as well as fuel for transport. Technologies included in the analysis are second-generation biofuel production, gasification, fermentation (biogas production) and improved incineration. It is argued that energy technologies should be assessed together with the energy systems of which they form part and influence. The energy system analysis is performed by use of the EnergyPLAN model, which simulates the Danish energy system hour by hour. The analysis shows that most fossil fuel is saved by gasifying the organic waste and using the syngas for combined heat and power production. On the other hand, least greenhouse gases are emitted if biogas is produced from organic waste and used for combined heat and power production; assuming that the use of organic waste for biogas production facilitates the use of manure for biogas production. The technology which provides the cheapest CO₂ reduction is gasification of waste with the subsequent conversion of gas into transport fuel.     

Feasibility of CHP-plants with thermal stores in the German spot market

The European Energy Exchange (EEX) day ahead spot market for electricity in Germany shows significant variations in prices between peak and off-peak hours. Being able to shift electricity production from off-peak hours to peak hours improves the profit from CHP-plant operation significantly. Installing a big thermal store at a CHP-plant makes it possible to shift production of electricity and heat to hours where electricity prices are highest especially on days with low heat demand. Consequently, these conditions will have to influence the design of new CHP-plants. In this paper, the optimal size of a CHP-plant with thermal store under German spot market conditions is analyzed. As an example the possibility to install small size CHP-plant instead of only boilers at a Stadtwerke delivering 30,000 MW h-heat for district heating per year is examined using the software energyPRO. It is shown that, given the economic and technical assumptions made, a CHP-plant of 4 MW-el with a thermal store participating in the spot market will be the most feasible plant to build. A sensitivity analysis shows to which extent the optimal solution will vary by changing the key economic assumptions.     

含余热回收装置及压缩式热泵的垃圾焚烧电厂能效优化

垃圾焚烧电厂能源利用效率较低,经处理后的烟气含有大量余热未加以利用.为利用烟气中所含余热,考虑加装烟气余热回收装置提取烟气中的余热,并利用压缩式热泵将提取的能量进行转移,与热电联产机组一同供热.建立了含余热回收装置和压缩式热泵的垃圾焚烧电厂热电联产能效优化模型.模型以余热回收装置回收烟气余热量作为约束,压缩式热泵产热量...     

影响用户侧分布式发电经济性因素分析

应用财务分析方法研究了分布式发电用户侧应用经济性的相关因素,并结合分布式发电用户侧应用对电网侧的价值分析,可知当前条件下分布式发电的成本电价偏高,运行率高的分布式发电应采用热电联产等形式以提高效率。售电电价模式对用户侧分布式发电经济性的影响较大,对于运行率高的分布式发电,售电电价宜单独采用电量电价的模式;而对于运行率低的分布式发电,售电电价宜采用电量电价加容量电价的模式,电网侧可通过适当的容量电价引导用户在峰荷时开机削峰。电网规划时应综合考虑分布式发电的因素以发挥其降低网损及延缓输配电投资的作用。     

天然气热电联产的环保优越性

介绍了热电联产的高效率和一次能源天然气清洁优质的特性 ,进而分析了以天然气为燃料的热电联产在环境保护上的优越性。     

Hydrogen station evolution towards a poly-generation energy system

The present paper analyzes an innovative energy system based on a hydrogen station, as the core of a smart energy production center, where the produced hydrogen is then used in different hydrogen technologies adopted and installed nearby the station. A case study analysis has been proposed and then investigated, with a station capacity of up to 360 kg of hydrogen daily generated, located close to a University Campus. A hydrogen mobility network has been included, composed of a fuel cell hydrogen fleet of 41 vehicles, 43 bicycles, and 28 fuel cell forklifts. The innovative proposed energy system needs to meet also a power and heat demand for a student housing 5400 m² building of the University Campus. The performance of the system is presented and investigated, including technical and economic analyses, proposing a hydrogen refueling station as an innovative alternative fuel infrastructure, called Multi-modular Hydrogen Energy Station, marking its great potential in future energy scenarios.     

The anode supported internal cathode tubular solid oxide fuel cell: Novel production of a cell geometry for combined heat and power applications

An effective strategy for generating combined heat and power (CHP) systems is to use the combustion of hydrocarbons to provide fuel reforming and heat production for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) operation. Though tubular SOFCs (tSOFCs) are well suited to the thermal cycling associated with combustion systems, they have a geometric limitation which requires significant alteration to the combustion chamber. These alterations can be eliminated by producing an anode supported internal cathode-tSOFC (IC-tSOFC) which can be directly integrated into the chamber with minimal alterations. Novel methods used to produce IC-tSOFCs are discussed in this work. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and performance characterization are used to analyze fabricated cells. With a peak power density of 369 mW∙cm⁻², and an open circuit voltage (OCV) of 0.98 V, it is confirmed that novel production methods for IC-tSOFCs have been successful.     

A general technoeconomic and environmental procedure for assessment of small-scale cogeneration scheme installations: Application to a local industry operating in Thrace, Greece, using microturbines

The present paper describes a proposed general systematic procedure for small-scale combined heat and power (CHP) exploitation (where “small-scale CHP” refers to CHP installations with electric capacities up to 1 MW). The mentioned systematic procedure is implemented through a developed computer code and may be applied to any such small-scale project in order to assess its suitability based on technoeconomic and environmental considerations. A dynamic database based on small-scale CHP units (available in the world market) and their pertinent technical, economical and environmental features is created and, in conjunction with the developed program, is used for determination of a suitable CHP unit (or system) size and the selection of the associated proper prime mover type for any project of interest. Using well-known economic criteria, the economic analysis is performed, including the sensitivity analysis of the considered project based on the main key system parameters. In terms of the socioeconomic analysis, a carbon tax (CT) scenario is considered, and its effect on the economic behavior of the project is investigated. Last, with respect to environmental considerations, the program calculates, for any such project, the avoided main pollutants and the fuel savings when a CHP system is applied. As a case study, a small textile industry operating in the Eastern Macedonia-Thrace Region of Greece is considered, and its associated (electrical and thermal) data are used as input data to the proposed computer program. In this application, two microturbine units are selected and thoroughly evaluated, and the pertinent simulation results are presented and discussed accordingly.