2011年国际供电会议系列报道:分布式能源发展与用户侧电能的高效利用

对第21届国际供电会议的分布式能源(DER)与高效用能专题进行了梳理,围绕分布式电源(DG)/DER规划及研究、含DG/DER的配电网控制、用户侧发展及DG/DER技术4个方向详细归纳并介绍了世界范围内在该领域研究工作的重点、难点与进展情况。所述内容希望能够开拓中国学者在相关研究领域的视野,加深对当前配电网所面临的问题、机遇与挑战的理解,并最终推动国内智能配电网相关技术的研究、开发与工程应用。     

多类型热电机组群实时负荷动态分配方法

在运行灵活性提升背景下,考虑热电厂内不同类型热电机组的可行运行区间及其相关辅机运行动态安全边界,以实现热电厂整体效益最大为目标,提出一种多类型热电机组群实时负荷动态分配方法。该方法计及热电厂的售电收益、运行成本、辅助调峰市场收益、负荷跟踪惩罚,并通过设置机组出力最小调整量降低各机组出力调整频次。基于东北地区某热电厂实际数据的算例结果验证了所提方法的有效性和优越性。     

A general technoeconomic and environmental procedure for assessment of small-scale cogeneration scheme installations: Application to a local industry operating in Thrace, Greece, using microturbines

The present paper describes a proposed general systematic procedure for small-scale combined heat and power (CHP) exploitation (where “small-scale CHP” refers to CHP installations with electric capacities up to 1 MW). The mentioned systematic procedure is implemented through a developed computer code and may be applied to any such small-scale project in order to assess its suitability based on technoeconomic and environmental considerations. A dynamic database based on small-scale CHP units (available in the world market) and their pertinent technical, economical and environmental features is created and, in conjunction with the developed program, is used for determination of a suitable CHP unit (or system) size and the selection of the associated proper prime mover type for any project of interest. Using well-known economic criteria, the economic analysis is performed, including the sensitivity analysis of the considered project based on the main key system parameters. In terms of the socioeconomic analysis, a carbon tax (CT) scenario is considered, and its effect on the economic behavior of the project is investigated. Last, with respect to environmental considerations, the program calculates, for any such project, the avoided main pollutants and the fuel savings when a CHP system is applied. As a case study, a small textile industry operating in the Eastern Macedonia-Thrace Region of Greece is considered, and its associated (electrical and thermal) data are used as input data to the proposed computer program. In this application, two microturbine units are selected and thoroughly evaluated, and the pertinent simulation results are presented and discussed accordingly.     

基于析因试验的固体氧化物燃料电池热电联供系统设计参数研究

对固体氧化物燃料电池热电联供(solid oxide fuel cell combined heat and power,SOFC–CHP)系统的设计参数进行了研究,该系统由重整器、燃料电池电堆、燃烧室、2个热交换器及其它辅助设备组成。建立了系统的数学模型,以发电规模为70 kWe的系统为研究对象,运用析因试验的设计方法进行了计算机模拟试验,对系统的部分设计参数进行了析因分析。分析结果表明：影响系统发电功率的主要设计参数是燃料利用率和过量空气比率;影响系统热回收和电热比的主要设计变量是燃料利用率和水蒸汽与碳的比率,且这2个参数的交互作用较过量空气比率对系统影响显著;阴极排气再循环比率对系统热、电功率的影响甚微,不是系统的主要设计参数。整个研究工作为SOFC–CHP系统的合理设计提供了指导。     

Ensuring emergency power for critical municipal services with natural gas-fired combined heat and power (CHP) systems: A cost–benefit analysis of a preemptive strategy

Electric power failures in the aftermath of disasters cripple the delivery of critical emergency services. While emergency generators are available in some facilities, these systems are designed for short-term use and support limited functions. The substantial investment required to ensure emergency power for all critical services is difficult to justify because of the uncertainty associated with the likelihood and magnitude of future disasters. Investment evaluations change when a new source of emergency power is considered. This study evaluates the costs and benefits of a program to preemptively install new building-sited electric combined heat and power (CHP) generation technologies to ensure reliable long-term power for critical municipal services in hurricane-prone regions of the US. Three municipalities are selected for this analysis: Houston, Texas; Miami, Florida; and Charleston, South Carolina. Analysis indicates that costs of such a program can, in some cases, provide net energy bill savings regardless of the occurrence of a disaster.     

我国北方地区小火电改供热的几种可行方案

本文针对我国北方地区特点,对小凝汽机组改造成热电联产进行了全方位的探讨,并从机组剩余寿命、企业的地理位置及热负荷状况等角度,提出了可行性改造方案。     

Future development of the electricity systems with distributed generation

Electrical power systems have been traditionally designed taking energy from high-voltage levels, and distributing it to lower voltage level networks. There are large generation units connected to transmission networks. But in the future there will be a large number of small generators connected to the distribution networks. Efficient integration of this distributed generation requires network innovations. A development of active distribution network management, from centralised to more distributed system management, is needed. Information, communication, and control infrastructures will be needed with increasing complexity of system management. Some innovative concepts such as microgrids and virtual utilities will be presented.     

Assessment of combined heat and power (CHP) integrated with wood-based ethanol production

A techno-economic assessment is made of wood-based production of ethanol, where the by-products are used for internal energy needs as well as for generation of electricity, district heat and pelletised fuel in different proportions for external use. Resulting ethanol production costs do not differ much between the options but a process where electricity generation is maximised by use of the solid residues as fuel for a combined cycle is found to give 20% more reduction of green-house gas emissions per liter of ethanol produced than the other options. Maximising electricity generation at the expense of district heat generation also allows more freedom when suitable sites for ethanol plants are looked for. Use of gasified biofuel for a combined cycle power plant is a demonstrated technology, however, the low ash and alkali content of the hydrolysis residue may allow direct combustion in the gas turbine topping cycle. This would reduce the necessary investment considerably. The potential advantages of using a combined cycle for maximising the electric power output from an energy combinate, producing ethanol and electricity from biomass, justifies further exploration of the possibilities for using hydrolysis residue directly as gas turbine fuel.