从可持续发展的战略高度重新审视热电联产

对热电联产在可持续发展战略中的极端重要性进行了比较深入的剖析,引入了所谓“可逆型供热系统”的概念,对该概念从本质高度作了界定,并指出近三分之二的一次能源在终端以热能的形式被耗用,热能的节能潜力和相应的环境改善潜力极大,深入挖掘这种潜力的唯一技术措施就是以热电联产为实质的可逆型供热系统。     

热电联产集中供热工程中几个问题的分析

对当前中小型电厂改造为热电联产工程中如何提高经济效益的几个问题进行了阐述，并对热化系数选取和改造方法提出一些看法。     

Risk-constrained scheduling of a CHP-based microgrid including hydrogen energy storage using robust optimization approach

Recently, the integration of various energy resources, including renewable generation and combined heat and power (CHP) units in microgrids, has created the opportunity of off-grid operation with a suitable range of reliability. This paper presents an optimization model to schedule an islanded MG with various resources, including CHP, photovoltaic (PV), and boiler, as the primary energy provision sources besides electric battery storage, thermal storage and hydrogen energy system (HES). The HES has the power-to-hydrogen (P2H) and hydrogen-to-power (H2P) modes, which increases the flexibility of the scheduling. The uncertainty management is the most essential task in the CHP-based MGs scheduling problem, since the power and heat productions are interrelated and can result in economic losses without enough deliberations. Hence, this paper proposes the robust optimization approach (ROA) to cope with the uncertainties associated with the PV production and electric and heat load demands. The robust counterparts are applied to the deterministic problem to create a tractable adjustable robust framework. The problem is structured as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) handled by the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) using CPLEX solver. The results verified the effectiveness of the proposed robust counterparts in managing the associated risk. The results illustrated a conscious scheduling strategy under robust conditions. However, the more preserved decisions are taken, the higher operational cost is realized. In this regard, the increment of robustness level from the lowest value (deterministic condition) to the highest value (conservatism condition) increased the operation cost by about 43.29%.     

中国电力改革进程中热电联产亟待解决的问题研究

本文论述了中国热电联产事业现状,分析了当前热电联产的规则、外商投资热电联产、热电联产立法等亟待解决的问题,提出了进一步促进热电联产事业发展的政策建议,包括区域电力市场建立过程中热电联产的地位、立法、绿色电价机制推广等。     

The effectiveness of storage and relocation options in renewable energy systems

Across the world, energy planners and transmission system operators are faced with decisions on how to deal with challenges associated with high penetration levels of intermittent energy resources and combined heat and power (CHP). At the same time, distributed plant operators are eager to reduce uncertainties related to fuel and electricity price fluctuations. These interests meet-up for options in distributed supply that introduces the principle of storage and relocation, typically by integrating heat pumps (HP) or electric boilers (EBs) into the operational strategies of existing CHP plants. This paper introduces the principle of storage and relocation by energy system design, and proposes for the storage and relocation potential of a technology option to be found by comparing options by their storage and relocation coefficient R_c, defined as the statistical correlation between net electricity exchange between plant and grid, and the electricity demand minus intermittent renewable electricity production. Detailed operational analyses made for various CHP options within the West Danish energy system, point to the concepts of CHP-HP and CHP-HP cold storage for effectively increasing energy system flexibility. For CHP-HP cold storage, R_c increases from 0.518 to 0.547, while the plant's fuel efficiency increases from 92.0% to 97.2%. These findings are discussed within frameworks of renewable energy systems, suggesting principles for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation system designs.     

CHP development in Denmark Role and results

Energy conservation and restructuring towards more energy-efficient technology have been keywords in Danish energy policy in the 1970s and 1980s. This has been reflected especially in domestic heating, where gross energy consumption per square metre has dropped approximately 45% from the early 1970s onwards. This drop is directly related to the massive expansion of combined generation of heat and power (CHP) effected in the same period. Consequently, some 30% of Danish heat requirements are now met by CHP. The intention is to increase this share by a further 7% over the next decade, resulting in a 37% share of Denmark's total heat requirements by CHP in the year 2000.     

区域供热技术在希腊国内供热中的有效应用

希腊的区域供热始于1994年，采用热电联产技术向用户供热。预计目前在建项目完成以后，总装机容量将超过300MW，其中约85％为现有燃煤机组，其余16％主要是烧柴油和液化石油气的调峰机组。目前用户数量已超过25000户，供热建筑超过6000幢。由于区域供热价格具有竞争力，且初始投资成本低，所以时希腊而言尤其具有吸引力。随着希腊能源市场自由化以及输气管线的完善，区域供热技术将在能源和环保领域产生更大的效益。     

垃圾填埋气在发电方面的应用--某13.8MW电厂的运行经验

根据欧盟能源政策有关促进可再生能源和热电联产的计划，距雅典市7km远的Ano Liosia垃圾填埋场兴建了一座热电厂。结合填埋场的具体情况，对热电厂的建设和运行进行了一系列调整。填埋场产生的填埋气用来进行热电联产。由竖井和水平管网组成的集气系统将填埋气引入热电厂，产生的电足够供应15000人的城镇。热电厂2001年投入运行，包括11个热电机组，总装机容量达13．8MW，年发电量约为110GWh，全部并入电网。烟气余热回收的热量用来生产蒸汽和热水。年产热约16．5MW。文章介绍了Ano Liosia热电厂的运行经验。     

The merit of cogeneration: Measuring and rewarding performance

Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is a thermal power generation cycle with the merit of recovering part or all of the heat that is fatally discarded by such cycles. This merit of higher efficiency is subject of rewarding by public authorities. When the EU enacts CHP promotion in a Directive (1997–2004), crucial measurement and qualification issues remain unsolved. CEN (coordinator of the European Bureaus of Standards) contributes in clarifying the measurement of CHP activities, but shortfalls remain, while CEN bypasses the debate on qualifying CHP performance. This article offers appropriate methods for measuring CHP activities based on design characteristics of the plants. The co-generated electric output is a necessary and sufficient indicator of CHP merit and performance. Regulators can extend this indicator, but should avoid the perverse effects of biased external benchmarking as the EU Directive entails.     

发展热电联产促进城市现代化

通过对热电联产在节能和环保等方面的综合分析,阐明热电联产对宁夏城市现代化建设的重要性。煤炭是宁夏能源的优势,在相当长的时间内,发展热电联产应该以燃煤为主。