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121.
The steady-state performance of a two-stage recycle fermenter with two different types (I and II) of configurations for staging was investigated numerically for the continuous production of lactic acid. In Type I the bleed broth withdrawn from the first stage is supplied to the second fermenter, and in Type II both filtrate and bleed broth from the first stage are introduced to the second stage. Using four different kinetic models taken from the literature, the effects of operating parameters on the overall lactic acid productivities and the overall substrate conversions are examined. At moderate conversions, productivities for Type I operation are found to be higher than those for Type II and for the single-stage system. In the case of high conversions close to complete consumption, Type II operation is more efficient than the Type I and single-stage systems. For 99% conversion and 40 kg m-3 substrate feed concentration, productivities for Type II are predicted to be 14-74% higher compared to those for the single-stage system at the same bleed ratios. 相似文献
122.
B. Bereqvist 《Strain》1987,23(1):7-13
The design and performance of precision bending equipment for testing straight beams with constant rectangular section under a pure bending moment is described. Part 1 deals with the loading arrangements and Part 2 with the rig for measuring beam deflection. The methods for recording deflection of strain gauges applied on the beam have been described elsewhere.1–4
The reactions to the deadweight gravity loads are taken via ball bearings. The total bending moment inaccuracy, i.e. the sum of estimated systematic errors and random errors, the latter expressed as the 2Ga confidence interval about the mean (2Gcim ), is about ± 25 x. 10-4% , for 23 tests with a steel beam with 15 mm × 75 mm cross sectional dimensions, loaded to 1-1.5 mm/m strain.
The measuring rig stands on the beam via hardened and polished spherical segment feet and uses a capacitive transducer system with less than 5nm resolution. Various application tasks are described. The total inaccuracy of the measured deflection, i.e. apart from bending moment inaccuracy, is about ± 35 times 104% for about 10 reproduced, not repeated, tests with the same steel beam. The deflection for such a beam is of the order of 2 to 4 mm. 相似文献
The reactions to the deadweight gravity loads are taken via ball bearings. The total bending moment inaccuracy, i.e. the sum of estimated systematic errors and random errors, the latter expressed as the 2Ga confidence interval about the mean (2G
The measuring rig stands on the beam via hardened and polished spherical segment feet and uses a capacitive transducer system with less than 5nm resolution. Various application tasks are described. The total inaccuracy of the measured deflection, i.e. apart from bending moment inaccuracy, is about ± 35 times 10
123.
温度场有限元分析的接缝单元 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
目前混凝土坝的仿真分析正从单坝段仿真向全坝仿真发展,因而需要采用接缝单元,笔者给出三种温度场接缝单元的计算模型:有限厚度接缝单元、近零厚度接缝单元及简化接缝单元. 相似文献
124.
液化天然气供气站的工艺设计 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
〗LNG供气站的设计核心是工艺设计,设计中应注意以下几点:正确处理技术先进性与经济合理性的关系,综合权衡设置费与运营费的比例,力求项目全寿命费用最低;大多数城市LNG供气站均利用空气气化LNG,单罐容积为100 m3的真空压力式储罐广泛用于储存量为1200 m3以下的LNG供气站;为正确设置储罐安全阀的开启压力和排放压力,必须根据储罐的最高工作压力按照规范正确确定储罐的设计压力;储罐上2套独立的液位计和高、低限报警自动切断装置可确保储罐安全运行;空温式气化器的气化能力按用气城市高峰小时计算流量的1.3~1.5倍确定,为便于自然化霜应设置2套空温式气化器切换使用;空温式气化器出口串接水浴式加热器可提高冬季或雨天出口天然气温度,保护碳钢管道并降低供销差;LNG储罐区应设置围堰,消防用水量为喷淋与水枪用水量之和。最后建议,必须尽快颁布国家LNG设计规范,以提高我国的LNG设计水平。 相似文献
125.
文章在通过对混凝土裂缝产生的原因进行分析的基础上,阐述了对在界河倒虹吸施工中预应力混凝土裂缝所采取的预控措施。 相似文献
126.
127.
高温季节食醋生产中影响酒精发酵的因素及改进措施 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
该文以镇江香醋生产为例,分析了高温季节食醋生产过程中影响酒精发酵的因素,并提出了改进措施。 相似文献
128.
Generalized difference control of parallel streams temperatures 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A furnace with multiple parallel passes and multiple burners is commonly seen in petroleum refineries. In order to maintain the furnace running in a safe, stable, and high-efficiency state it is necessary to control the outlet temperatures of the multiple passes to be the same. Due to the fact that the process of the oil heating in such furnace is nonlinear, multivariable, time varying, has serious coupling among passes, has frequent dynamic changes and a large time delay, traditional control methods have trouble in controlling these temperatures, and some advanced control methods, including predictive control, adaptive control, and robust control, are usually too complex for convenient use. In this paper, a control technique, called differences control technique (DsCT), is proposed to distribute the stream flowrates such that the stream temperatures are as identical as possible. The principle of the proposed technique is explained and demonstrated, and the results of its application to a real-life petroleum refinery furnace are also reported. The DsCT technique has the following advantages: it does not need complicated design procedures, the controller structure is simple, it is easy to apply, and it can be canonically applied to furnaces with different number of passes. 相似文献
129.
超声波流量计计量系统性能的主要影响因素 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
随着我国天然气工业的发展,已有大量超声波流量计用于高压、大流量的天然气计量。尽管我国已于2001年颁布并实施了气体超声波流量计使用方面的国家标准GB/T18604-2001,但是随着超声波流量计越来越广泛的使用,国内外对超声波流量计计量性能的影响因素已有了进一步的研究;而且,目前我国超声波流量计在天然气计量中的应用效果也还需要进一步改善。因此,根据目前国、内外最新研究成果,对噪声、脏污、压力及温度测量对超声波流量计计量系统性能的主要影响因素以及控制对策进行了分析探讨,以期改变虽经实验室检定合格、但用于现场却不能达到预期计量性能效果的情况,使超声波流量计在现场能够得到更好的应用。 相似文献
130.