A generalized window energy rating system for typical office buildings

Detailed computer simulation programs require lengthy inputs, and cannot directly provide an insight to relationship between the window energy performance and the key window design parameters. Hence, several window energy rating systems (WERS) for residential houses and small buildings have been developed in different countries. Many studies showed that utilization of daylight through elaborate design and operation of windows leads to significant energy savings in both cooling and lighting in office buildings. However, the current WERSs do not consider daylighting effect, while most of daylighting analyses do not take into account the influence of convective and infiltration heat gains. Therefore, a generalized WERS for typical office buildings has been presented, which takes all primary influence factors into account. The model includes embodied and operation energy uses and savings by a window to fully reflect interactions among the influence parameters. Reference locations selected for artificial lighting and glare control in the current common simulation practice may cause uncompromised conflicts, which could result in over- or under-estimated energy performance. Widely used computer programs, DOE2 and ADELINE, for hourly daylighting and cooling simulations have their own weaknesses, which may result in unrealistic or inaccurate results. An approach is also presented for taking the advantages of the both programs and avoiding their weaknesses. The model and approach have been applied to a typical office building of Hong Kong as an example to demonstrate how a WERS in a particular location can be established and how well the model can work. The energy effect of window properties, window-to-wall ratio (WWR), building orientation and lighting control strategies have been analyzed, and can be indicated by the localized WERS. An application example also demonstrates that the algebraic WERS derived from simulation results can be easily used for the optimal design of windows in buildings similar to the typical buildings.     

Experimental validation of the simulation module of the water-cooled variable refrigerant flow system under cooling operation

On the basis of EnergyPlus’s codes, the catalogue and performance parameters from some related companies, a special simulation module for variable refrigerant flow system with a water-cooled condenser (water-cooled VRF) was developed and embedded in the software of EnergyPlus, the building energy simulation program. To evaluate the energy performance of the system and the accuracy of the simulation module, the measurement of the water-cooled VRF is built in Dalian, China. After simulation and comparison, some conclusions can be drawn. The mean of the absolute value of the daily error in the 9 days is 11.3% for cooling capacity while the one for compressor power is 15.7%. At the same time, the accuracy of the power simulation strongly depends on the accuracy of the cooling capacity simulation.     

特厚板坯连铸机二冷区喷嘴选型与布置

 连铸的二次冷却是影响铸坯质量的重要因素之一,而喷嘴选型和布置对二次冷却均匀性尤为重要。针对厚度大于400mm的特厚板坯生产所具有浇铸速度低、角部温度低、横向温度不均匀、液芯长度偏长等特点,拟定了特厚板坯喷嘴选型及布置的设计要求准则,再基于喷嘴厂提供的喷嘴试验参数和设备设计特点,从喷嘴喷射角度、安装高度、喷嘴间距、布置方式等方面对特厚板坯喷嘴选型与布置进行了分析,并就弱化特厚板坯边部冷却、均匀化水流密度提出了策略。生产实践表明,特厚板坯外形尺寸良好,表面质量无缺陷、内部质量良好。     

南堡凹陷高尚堡地区东营组下切谷特征及意义

通过地震反射特征、沉积、层序地层和构造背景等综合分析,在南堡凹陷高尚堡地区东营组地层中识别出一套下切谷沉积。研究发现:高尚堡下切谷形成于盆地陡坡带一侧断裂坡折带上,在地震剖面上表现为宽缓的U型反射特征,谷内外同相轴明显不协调,岩性以粗碎屑为主;湖平面的快速下降和断层是控制该下切谷形成的关键因素。高尚堡下切谷紧靠油源断层,上倾方向被反向断层切割,为油气富集创造了良好条件,与该下切谷有关的油藏类型主要有地层超覆不整合油藏、断层—岩性复合油藏、砂岩透镜体油藏。该下切谷的发现,对南堡凹陷高尚堡地区的层序边界划分、地层对比和储层预测具有重要意义。     

局部通风机性能自动测试系统的研究

为提高煤矿生产的安全性,降低生产能耗,对煤矿生产现场大量运行的局部通风机进行性能测试与评估,综合运行软件处理技术、传感器技术和自动化技术,构建了局部通风机性能测试系统的总体结构,并对系统涉及的关键问题如压力测量、流量调节、性能曲线拟合和软件滤波等进行了逐一研究、解决,并实际应用于研制的系统中,实现了局部通风机性能测试的准确性、快速性和自动化操作。在此基础上,研制的AFT 2型局部通风机性能自动测试系统广泛应用于生产现场,说明了研制成果的可行性和实用性。     

快速定量装车液压系统冷却、加热装置解析

快速定量装车系统液压站液压油温过高或过低都会直接影响到液压站的正常运行,对装车的精确度和安全生产带来隐患。通过对液压系统的热力学计算,对液压站设置冷却和加热装置提供了理论依据,并从快速定量装车系统实际使用工况出发,设置液压冷却和加热装置回路,确保液压站安全稳定运行。     

304奥氏体不锈钢亚快速凝固组织演化和形成机理

通过感应炉熔化的304钢(/%:0.053C、0.55Si、1.50Mn、0.030P、0.002S、17.02Cr、8.01 Ni、0.50Cu、0.08Mo)直接浇铸在水冷铜模上得到厚7 mm直径25 mm的圆形试样,研究了Cr、当量/Ni当量和1.5～1 000℃/s的冷却速率对奥氏体不锈钢铸态凝固组织形态和分布的影响。结果表明,随冷却速率增加至75～90℃/s,该钢的凝固模式由FA(铁素体-奥氏体)模式向AF(奥氏体-铁素体)模式转变,初生相由枝晶铁素体转变成枝晶奥氏体,但冷却为～1 000℃/s时,观察到块状铁素体组织,并且枝晶状奥氏体转变成胞状奥氏体。     

HTR-10氦风机磁悬浮转子跌落在辅助轴承上的数值分析

辅助轴承是10 MW高温气冷堆(HTR-10)氦风机磁力轴承-转子系统中的辅助支承结构,其主要任务是在磁力轴承因失电而失效时支承高速转动的转子,是整个系统安全运行的保证。本研究以HTR-10磁力轴承氦风机实验台架中的辅助轴承为研究对象,使用ABAQUS有限元软件数值模拟转子跌落,分析滚动辅助轴承内圈与滚动体的变形及能量损耗特性,并与初步的实验结果进行比对,验证辅助轴承的可靠性,为磁力轴承在高温气冷堆核电厂中的应用提供重要的技术保障。     

自调角冷却风机叶片与驱动装置受力分析

提出一种新型工程机械发动机自动调角节能冷却风机的设计思路,阐述了以发动机冷却液温度控制自调角冷却风机叶片角度的原理,给出了以孤单翼理论和等环量设计计算的冷却风机设计尺寸。应用等环量计算法,对风机叶片进行强度校核,以5°为变化幅度改变安装角数据,计算叶片的受力变化,得到了驱动力随自调角冷却风机叶片角度的变化曲线,为驱动装置的设计和强度校核提供数据依据。     

基建矿井主要通风机叶片角度调整实践

矿井在基建期间以及投产初期普遍存在通风能力富余、浪费电力资源的问题,结合贵州兴隆煤矿的生产实践,说明采取进一步调整通风机主要通风机叶片角度的措施,既能满足矿井基建期间以及投产初期的通风需要,同时有效地降低电力消耗,提高矿井的经济效益。