热经济学中计价方法的探讨

Yong经济学是以Yong为核算对象的成本核算方法，以最小产品成本为目标函数，结合一定的Yong经济学评价指标，对能量系统进行分析、评价，得到改进的途径。文章基于Yong成本方程，对Yong费用方程进行了讨论，明确了过程Yong损的计价方法，提出了有效的Yong经济学系数。用能级概念可以更为全面的描述能流的品质，能级匹配是减小系统Yong损失的有效途径。文章将能级的概念引入热经济学计价体系，提出了基于能级分析的计价策略和评价指标。以联产模型为实例，进行了讨论。     

铀矿加工研究在铀矿床地质经济评价中的能动作用

本文首先对矿床地质经济评价的各种方法的发展进行了简单的评述,指出矿石加工成本在矿床地质经济评价中占有重要的地位。同时指出影响矿石加工成本的因素不仅包括自然条件、经济的及社会的因素,也包括技术的因素。本文评述了国内外降低加工成本及扩大可利用的铀资源范围所进行的新技术、新材料、新设备的研究动态及具效果。最后本文提出:(1)在进行铀矿床地质经济评价时,要注意矿石加工研究的新成果;(2)铀矿床地质经济评价是铀矿物原料研究的一部分;(3)应加强铀矿物原料研究,充分发挥铀矿石加工研究在铀矿床地质经济评价中的能动作用;(4)随着铀矿石加工研究的进展,应对一个矿床在各阶段不断地进行地质经济评价。     

碾压砼施工技术在高摩赞大坝中的应用

本文阐述了碾压砼筑坝施工技术的概念,及国内外碾压砼坝的发展情况,详细介绍了高摩赞大坝砼运输及入仓方式、碾压砼分仓、碾压砼大坝施工方法和碾压砼施工注意事项,通过高摩赞碾压砼大坝施工分析,体现出了碾压砼施工在降低成本、机械化程度高等方面的优点,得出了值得广泛推广和应用的结论．     

新型乳液共聚浆料TP的研制与应用

通过乳液共聚反应，研制了一种粘度稳定，成膜性、退浆性能良好的乳液共聚浆料ＴＰ，对它进行生产应用的结果表明：该浆料在细号涤棉织物的经纱上浆中，与淀粉类浆料配合使用，可以大幅度减少ＰＶＡ浆料的用量和降低用浆成本，并能获得较理想的浆纱质量和织造效果。     

Logistics cost analysis of rice straw for biomass power generation in Thailand

The logistics of the fuel supply have a large impact on the economy of a biomass power generation facility, especially for low density biomass fuels like straw. A detailed cost analysis of a typical rice straw logistics process for two baling options in three regions of Thailand shows that the costs for all logistics operations vary from a minimum of 18.75 USD/t for small rectangular bales in the Northern region of Thailand to maximum 19.89 USD/t for large rectangular bales in the North-eastern region. The difference in costs is not very significant due to the higher ownership and operating costs of the equipment for using large rectangular bales; however, the specific fuel consumption cost is substantially lower by around 17.5% and a total transport cost reduction is about 31.5%. Analysis of the logistics economies of scale for projected power plant capacities of 2-35 MW_e showed that each doubling the capacity of the energy facility increases the specific costs of the logistics operations only by around 4% in all regions.     

Pellet production from agricultural raw materials - A systems study

The demand for biofuel pellets has increased considerably in recent years, causing shortage of the traditional raw materials sawdust and wood shavings. In this study, the costs and energy requirements for the production of pellets from agricultural raw materials were analysed. The materials studied were Salix, reed canary grass, hemp, straw, screenings, rape-seed meal, rape cake and distiller’s waste. Four production scales were analysed, having an annual output of 80,000, 8000, 800 and 80 tonnes of pellets per year. It was concluded that the raw materials of greatest interest were Salix and reed canary grass. They had competitive raw material costs and acceptable fuel properties and could be mixed with sawdust in existing large-scale pelleting factories. Straw had low production costs but can cause serious ash-related problems and should, as also is the case for screenings, be avoided in small-scale burners. Hemp had high raw material costs and is of less commercial interest, while distiller’s waste, rape-seed meal and rape cake had higher alternative values when used as protein feed. The scale of production had a crucial influence on production costs. The machinery was used much more efficiently in large-scale plants, resulting in clear cost savings. Small-scale pelleting, both static and mobile, required cheap raw materials, low labour costs and long utilisation times to be profitable. In most cases, briquetting would be more commercially viable. The energy use in manufacturing pellets from air-dried crops was generally no higher than when moist sawdust was used as the raw material.     

应用需求驱动的多层作业成本模型设计制造业成本管理系统

首先介绍了作业成本法的基本概念和应用情况 ,随后描述和分析了需求驱动的多层次作业成本模型 ,并探讨了以作业成本法为基础对企业制造成本进行优化的方法 ,同时详细介绍了基于此模型设计和开发的某铸造厂作业成本管理系统的具体功能和系统架构     

新“两法”形势下的钻前工程造价管理

四川盆地地形复杂、水系发达、人口稠密、农林资源丰富,钻前工程实施难度大,安全环保风险高。新的《安全生产法》和《环境保护法》颁布实施后,对钻前工程的作业施工也提出了更高的要求,成本控制难度进一步增大。为此,在分析研究了钻前工程实施关键环节的基础上,提出以下3个方面的改进措施:①优选井位,从源头控制成本;②优化设计、改良技术,最大限度地降低无效工作量,提高投资效益,同时降低环境风险;③创新管理模式,推行总承包制度,压缩管理成本。进而以中国石油西南油气田公司为例,分析了新形势下针对四川盆地油气勘探特点,采取的一系列控制钻前工程造价措施,所取得的良好效果。结论认为,新形势下该公司总体上保持了钻前工程造价的平稳态势,探区钻井成本基本受控,探井钻前工程占钻井结算成本比重、平均单井进尺成本、平均单井新修公路长度和平均单井建设用地数逐年下降,确保了川渝地区油气勘探开发的良好局面。     

浅谈水利工程造价失控原因及解决措施

政策性变化、物价上涨、自然灾害、设计质量不高、地方定额的缺乏等均是影响工程造价的因素。采取静态控制、动态管理，提高设计产品质量，补充地方定额等措施来防止水利工程造价的失控。     

实现中原油田最小成本优化配产的四维决策单纯形规划法

中原油田原油生产计划实际上是一个地质配产方案，在近期内资金缺乏、储量不足的双重困扰下，解决这一矛盾的出路在于尽可能合理地利用资金和现有已掌握的可采储量。本文从油田开发生产成本分析入手，建立成本最小模型。在成本最小优化模型中，把产液量、产油量、生产井数和注水井数作为配产规划指标，经多元回归成本关系后进行优化。通过对1991年油田分厂配产结果表明，其配产量比“八五”规划指标要低，但接近该年的实际生产指标，配产后总成本有所下降。文章基于中原油田开采近十年的经验，统计分析了大量矿场资料，认真研究了油藏开采规律，运用油藏工程、经济评价和系统工程方法，建立起中长期适应不同类型油藏的实现最小成本四维决策单纯形优化配产模型，为中原油田制定“九五”开发规划提供了方法和决策支持手段。