The PhytO3 Tech Crop Protection Technology for Microorganism and Insect Control using Ozone,UV, and Dipole-Electrical Air Jet Spray Technologies – Technical Basis and Possible Chemistries Involved

Plants can't walk away when they are attacked by pathogenic microorganisms and insects, or if they are exposed to any form of stress. They do not have a central nervous system that allows them to defend themselves or to ask for help! In the early part of the 20th century, it was discovered that growing plants can be stimulated to respond to stresses by developing a Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) to microorganisms and insects. During the last 50 years, and especially during the past decade, significant advances in this agronomical technology have been made. SARs have been proven to result from the application of many types of chemical formulations. Plants respond by generating their own chemicals internally that subsequently prevent attacks by microorganisms and insects. Recently it has been shown that sequential treatment of growing plants with (1) an aqueous spray of high voltage, pulsed negatively charged water, followed immediately with (2) a spray of ozonated water containing 8 mg/L of ozone generated from oxygen, and that followed immediately by (3) high energy UV-C radiation, also causes plants to develop SARs to microorganisms and insects, but without the use of chemicals. The primary advantages of this new ozone-UV-based technology are: (a) there are no harmful effects on the plants, (b) no toxic chemical residues remain on the plants, (c) the technology can be used in rainy weather, when crop protection is most necessary, (d) the technology is environmentally friendly (no chemical residues), and (e) the technology is cheaper for crop growers compared to current chemical approaches.     

粮油作物中伏马菌素B1免疫测定方法的建立

旨在制备伏马菌素B_1单克隆抗体,并建立伏马菌素B_1免疫学检测方法。以制备的免疫原FB_1-BSA免疫小鼠,利用细胞融合技术建立能分泌抗FB1抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,体内诱生腹水的方法制备FB_1单抗。基于制备的FB_1单抗,建立间接竞争ELISA检测分析方法,并对检测方法性能进行了初步鉴定。结果表明,通过动物免疫、细胞融合筛选到1株分泌抗FB_1抗体的杂交瘤细胞株3F6。建立的间接竞争ELISA检测分析方法检测范围40~600 ng/mL之间,检测下限达到40 ng/mL,半数抑制浓度IC_(50)为136.81 ng/mL,除与FB1特异性反应外,与同系物FB2及FB3交叉反应率分别为11.65%和7.85%,与黄曲霉毒素B_1、黄曲霉毒素M_1、β-玉米赤霉烯醇、呕吐毒素、T-2毒素、玉米赤酶烯酮、赭曲霉毒素A、玉米赤霉酮、α-玉米赤霉醇交叉反应率均低于0.2%,样品回收率在88.89%到115.45%之间,平均101.91%,变异系数为7.43%。本研究建立的ELISA方法与LC-MS-MS检测相同的样品时,二者的检测结果没有显著差异(P0.05)。本研究初步研发出灵敏度符合检测要求、特异较强、准确度较高、简便快捷的FB1免疫学检测方法 。     

~(226)Ra在土壤-农作物系统中的积累和转移

本文根据1979—1981年在铀尾矿坝附近田间试验的数据,探索了~(226)Ra 在土壤-农作物系统中积累和转移的某些规律。试验得出;土壤中~(226)Ra 含量 X 和转移系数 Y 之间的关系,可用下列幂函数来描述:y=0.0045x~(-0.61766)(对蔬菜而言)y′=0.0012x′~(-0.27103)(对稻米而言)在镭的陆地生态系统转移中,气载~(226)Ra 直接污染农作物种子的作用不大。     

Use of Alternative Temperature Expressions with Blaney-Criddle

The widely used Penman-Monteith equation to estimate crop evapotranspiration (ET) has limited utility in many areas of the world because of its requirement for full meteorological data. Legal and engineering water agencies commonly use the original Blaney-Criddle method in their efforts to manage competing water demands in mountain basins, both for its longtime familiarity and minimal data requirements. The original Blaney-Criddle equation predicts crop ET based solely on readily available mean monthly air temperature, t, and percentage of daylight hours. However, in semiarid, high-elevation environments, Blaney-Criddle underestimates crop ET. Subsequent modifications have not fully corrected this underestimation. Low nighttime temperatures at high elevations incorrectly weight the estimate, resulting in significant variation between computed crop ET and lysimeter measurements. Our objective was to evaluate three modifications of the Blaney-Criddle temperature expression against the original equation with mean t, and another temperature method, Hargreaves, using lysimeter measurements from nine irrigated grass meadow sites in the upper Gunnison River basin of Colorado (1999–2003). Two of the modified temperature expressions resulted in improved correlation of Blaney-Criddle estimated crop ET with lysimeter ET. Similar improvements were observed when estimating with Hargreaves, which incorporates an additional term, Tdiff, the difference between maximum and minimum daily temperature. Correlations of solar radiation (Rs, the primary energy input to ET) with alternative temperature expressions and Tdiff were improved over correlations of Rs with mean t, supporting the improved prediction performance of alternative temperature expressions. These modifications to the original Blaney-Criddle can be applied successfully throughout Colorado mountain basins and may be globally applicable to high-elevation areas.     

ReSET-Raster: Surface Energy Balance Model for Calculating Evapotranspiration Using a Raster Approach

Surface energy balance models developed for mapping evapotranspiration at high resolution use weather station data. Previous models such as SEBAL or METRIC use wind and reference evapotranspiration from a single weather station. A third model (ReSET) uses wind run from multiple weather stations but uses a single weather station for the internal calibration. Because these models solve the energy balance equation for areas that usually have significant spatial variability, it is more appropriate to have all inputs and calculations in a raster format. This paper presents a full rasterized model, which uses all inputs and performs all calculations in a raster format (ReSET-Raster). The ReSET-Raster model provides the flexibility to use several weather stations as data sources to generate interpolated weather parameters in a raster format. It explicitly takes into account the spatial variation of weather parameters between weather stations, which can be significant. This paper presents examples showing that evapotranspiration calculated with the raster approach can vary as much as 17% compared with evapotranspiration calculated with point values.     

QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定粮谷中啶磺草胺的残留

目的 建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)测定粮谷中啶磺草胺的分析方法。方法 样品经酸化乙腈(含0.5%(V/V)乙酸的乙腈)提取,优化的QuEChERS(400 mg C₁₈、400 mg无水硫酸镁)方法净化,净化液经离心后,直接过膜上机检测。HPLC-MS/MS方法以0.1%(V/V)甲酸水-乙腈为流动相,流速为0.3 mL/min梯度洗脱,采用C₁₈色谱柱进行分离,电喷雾正离子电离(ESI^₊),多反应监测(MRM)检测,基质匹配外标法定量。结果 在11种基质(大豆、大麦、大米、高粱、黑麦、苦荞、土壤、小麦粉、小麦、燕麦、玉米)中,啶磺草胺在0.001~0.03 μg/mL质量浓度与其对应的峰面积之间线性关系良好,R^₂均大于0.996,在0.005、0.01和0.05 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,啶磺草胺的平均回收率在90.3%~112.3%之间,相对标准偏差在1.1%~7.9%之间。结论 方法准确度、精密度和灵敏度均符合农药残留检测的要求。     

Optimal Crop Planning and Conjunctive Use of Surface Water and Groundwater Resources Using Fuzzy Dynamic Programming

Optimal crop planning and the conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater resources are imperative for the sustainable management of water resources, especially in semiarid regions. In recent years, considerable attention has been given to crop planning and water resources management under uncertainties caused by climate changes that affect irrigation planning in terms of decisions to determine the amounts of water that can/must be allocated. In this paper, optimal crop planning and conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater are developed for the Najafabad Plain, a part of the Zayandehrood River basin in west-central Iran. The fuzzy inference system (FIS) is used to account for the experience and expert judgments of decision makers and farmers to obtain optimal crop planning and cultivation with a reliable water demand based on climate conditions. In the present work, fuzzy regression is used for considering uncertainty and ambiguity in the data used in the simulation model as well as the uncertainties in interactions between surface water and groundwater. The objective function of the optimization model is to minimize shortages in supplying irrigation demands. The results are applicable to a wide range of climate conditions.     

INFLUENCE OF PROCESS CONDITIONS ON THE DRYING RATE OF CASSAVA CHIPS IN A SOLAR SIMULATOR

ABSTRACT

Experiments were carried out in a solar simulator to study the influence of air temperature (25-40°C), air relative humidity (40-80%), air velocity (0.95-2.2 m/s), radiation intensity (0-916 W/m²), and loading density (10-30 kg/m²) on the drying rate of a bed of cassava chips (2×2×2 cm). Well-known thin-layer drying equations were fitted to the experimental data, and the empirical constants were used in a statistical analysis of the influence of process conditions on the drying rate. The air temperature, air velocity, radiation intensity, and loading density influenced the drying rate significantly (p=0.05). The effects of the air temperature and the radiation intensity were attributed to the temperature-dependent diffusion of moisture within the chips, while the effect of the air velocity was ascribed to the resistance to mass transfer at the air-chip interface. Equations were presented to express the empirical constants as functions of the process variables.     

Identification of Crop Diseases Based on Improved Genetic Algorithm and Extreme Learning Machine

As an indispensable task in crop protection, the detection of crop diseases directly impacts the income of farmers. To address the problems of low crop-disease identification precision and detection abilities, a new method of detection is proposed based on improved genetic algorithm and extreme learning machine. Taking five different typical diseases with common crops as the objects, this method first preprocesses the images of crops and selects the optimal features for fusion. Then, it builds a model of crop disease identification for extreme learning machine, introduces the hill-climbing algorithm to improve the traditional genetic algorithm, optimizes the initial weights and thresholds of the machine, and acquires the approximately optimal solution. And finally, a data set of crop diseases is used for verification, demonstrating that, compared with several other common machine learning methods, this method can effectively improve the crop-disease identification precision and detection abilities and provide a basis for the identification of other crop diseases.     

农作物品质遥感反演研究进展

当今农业生产管理迫切需要直接迅速的信息指导。随着科技水平的不断提高,通过利用不同遥感技术手段,实现实时监测农作物生长过程中的主要影响因子,使无损预测预报农作物品质成为可能。通过分析几种农作物的主要品质性状及形成影响因素,在归纳农作物品质监测常用光谱参量的基础上,从地面平台和航天航空平台两方面分别介绍近年来国内外主要研究进展,总结农作物品质遥感监测模型建立使用的主要算法,综合分析农作物品质遥感监测技术实现过程中存在的若干问题,同时提出相应的解决措施,并对遥感监测技术进行了展望。