应用CVD金刚石涂层工具研磨单晶蓝宝石

通过热丝化学气相沉积(HFCVD)法制备了具有球状晶结构、棱锥形晶结构和棱柱形晶结构等3种不同表面特征的化学气相沉积(CVD)金刚石涂层工具,以提高其研磨效率。通过正交实验法研究了金刚石涂层晶粒形态、载荷、工作台转速、研磨时间等4个工艺参数对蓝宝石材料去除率和表面粗糙度的影响。结果表明:金刚石涂层的晶粒形态对材料去除率和表面粗糙度影响较大;球状晶结构金刚石涂层切向力较小,棱柱形晶结构金刚石涂层切向力较大;选择棱柱形晶CVD金刚石涂层工具研磨蓝宝石,在研磨加工参数为载荷0.15 MPa、转速100 r/min、研磨时间3 min时,其材料去除率为0.397μm/min,表面粗糙度为0.354μm。结果表明:提出的CVD金刚石涂层工具可用于进一步加工、研磨蓝宝石切片,去除其表面划痕,从而改善工件表面质量。     

输气管道杂质沉积量模拟计算

输气管道日常管理中缺少对管道内杂质沉积量的预测,使得在实际生产中,输送效率成为确定管道清管周期、评价清管效果的唯一定量指标,具有一定的局限性。为此,根据含杂质沉积管道内流体动力学特点,采用欧拉法建立了输气管道杂质沉积预测模型,以川渝地区输气管线为例,模拟计算了管道内杂质沉积平均厚度、沉积量及含杂质沉积管道当量直径并将一次清管作业实际排污量与模拟结果进行对比,验证了模型。计算得出模拟计算排污量与实际排污量相差47.9m3,并得到了管道输气量和运行压差对杂质沉积量的影响规律:1压差一定时,管道杂质沉积量随输气量增大而降低;2起点压力一定时,管道杂质沉积量随压差增大而增大。     

Asphaltene precipitation and deposition in oil reservoirs – Technical aspects,experimental and hybrid neural network predictive tools

Precipitation of asphaltene is considered as an undesired process during oil production via natural depletion and gas injection as it blocks the pore space and reduces the oil flow rate. In addition, it lessens the efficiency of the gas injection into oil reservoirs. This paper presents static and dynamic experiments conducted to investigate the effects of temperature, pressure, pressure drop, dilution ratio, and mixture compositions on asphaltene precipitation and deposition. Important technical aspects of asphaltene precipitation such as equation of state, analysis tools, and predictive methods are also discussed. Different methodologies to analyze asphaltene precipitation are reviewed, as well. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) joined with imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are employed to approximate asphaltene precipitation and deposition with and without CO₂ injection. The connectionist model is built based on experimental data covering wide ranges of process and thermodynamic conditions. A good match was obtained between the real data and the model predictions. Temperature and pressure drop have the highest influence on asphaltene deposition during dynamic tests. ICA-ANN attains more reliable outputs compared with PSO-ANN, the conventional ANN, and scaling models. In addition, high pressure microscopy (HPM) technique leads to more accurate results compared with quantitative methods when studying asphaltene precipitation.     

Influence of Deposition Conditions on the Crystal Structure of MoS2 Coating

MoS2 coatings were prepared using an unbalanced bipolar pulsed DC （direct current） magnetron sputtering apparatus under different targets, cathode current densities, power modes and bias voltages. The morphology, structure and growth characteristics of MoS2 coatings were observed and identified respectively by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry and mass spectrometry. The results show that MoS2 coatings evolve with the （002） basal plane parallel to the surface by using cold pressed target with lower density, lower cathodic current density, bipolar pulse DC power and minus bias voltage, whereas the coatings deposited under hot pressed target, higher cathodic current density, simple DC power and positive bias voltage have the （002） basal plane perpendicular to the surface. The influence of deposition conditions on the crystal structure of MoS2 coating is implemented by altering its growth rate and the energy of sputtering-deposition particles.     

Effects of Sn doping on the manufacturing,performance and carbon deposition of Ni/ScSZ cells in solid oxide fuel cells

This work demonstrates the effect of tin (Sn) doping on the manufacturing, electrochemical performance, and carbon deposition in dry biogas-fuelled solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Sn doping via blending in technique alters the rheology of tape casting slurry and increases the Ni/ScSZ anode porosity. In contrast to the undoped Ni/ScSZ cells, where open-circuit voltage (OCV) drops in biogas, Sn–Ni/ScSZ SOFC OCV increases by 3%. The maximum power densities in biogas are 0.116, 0.211, 0.263, and 0.314 W/cm² for undoped Ni/ScSZ, undoped Ni/ScSZ with 3 wt% pore former, Sn–Ni/ScSZ and Sn–NiScSZ with 1 wt% pore former, respectively. Sn–Ni/ScSZ reduces the effect of the drop in the maximum power densities by 26%–36% with the fuel switch. A 1.28–2.24-fold higher amount of carbon is detected on the Sn–Ni/ScSZ samples despite the better electrochemical performance, which may reflect an enhanced methane decomposition reaction.     

Tensile strength and morphological investigation of SiC-coated carbon fibers

SiC-coated film onto carbon fibers as a barrier of oxidation resistance and reaction between carbon fibers and metals was investigated. The chemical vapor deposition of silicon carbide onto carbon fibers was performed at various temperatures ranging from 700 to 1000°C using triisopropylsilane vapor carried by hydrogen gas. The strength of the SiC-coated carbon fibers was decreased due to deterioration of fibers and chemical attack of hydrogen on the surface of carbon fibers during the coating process. The oxidation and the thermal resistance of the SiC-coated carbon fibers compared to the uncoated carbon fibers were improved at temperature range of 600–800°C and 1000–1200°C, respectively. Morphological change by air oxidation at temperature range of 500–800‡C was also investigated for the SiC-coated and the uncoated carbon fibers, respectively. The SiC-coated film between carbon fiber and aluminum was sufficient as a barrier of reaction on carbon fiber reinforced aluminum at temperature of above 1000°C.     

双河油田437Ⅱ4-6区块分子膜驱油效率的实验研究

利用砂岩的静电吸附在固液界面形成分子膜,从而改变界面的润湿性,驱替出小孔中的残余油,提高驱油效率。对双河油田分子膜提高采收率进行实验,结果表明：分子膜驱油在原来水驱基础上提高驱油效率10%以上,完全满足现场要求。     

Mechanism of boron tribromide electroreduction

This study was carried out to investigate the electrochemical behavior of boron tribromide in dimethlyformamide. The reduction of the compound was found to follow a CE mechanism. The kinetic parameters and the diffusion coefficient were calculated by the use of ultramicrodisc electrodes and chronoamperometry. The number of electrons transferred was found to be 2 by rotating disc and ultramicro disc electrodes and 3 by coulometry. These results are in good accordance with those obtained from molten boron salts. This study is important in regard to electrochemical boronizing at low temperatures.     

浅谈陆相断陷湖盆沉积速率的求取方法——以沾化凹陷沙四段—孔店组为例

沉积速率是指在一定地质历史时期内,表征地层在沉积历史时期的快慢程度[1],其求取方法多种多样,本文对其值的求取采取用地层原始厚度除以该地层沉积期的绝对年龄。沉积速率作为沉积速率剥蚀量计算方法的参数,对恢复区内埋藏史、热史以及生烃史具有重要意义。本文通过深井的地层数据以沾化凹陷渤深5、罗14、桩深1井为例进行了沉积速率的求取并取得了比较精确的成果。     

A simple model for screening the local impacts of atmospheric ammonia

The dry deposition of ammonia from the atmosphere to the surface can lead to eutrophication of sensitive ecosystems and acidification of the soil. A large proportion of the ammonia emitted from agricultural sources can be deposited within a few kilometres and, therefore, impacts of ammonia dry deposition often occur near to the source. To assess these impacts, short-range atmospheric dispersion models are often applied to simulate the emission, dispersion and deposition of ammonia. However, these models can be time-consuming to run and often require detailed input data and, therefore, for multiple assessments it is useful to have a method of screening to discard scenarios where impacts are expected to be negligible. The SCAIL model (Simple Calculation of Ammonia Impact Limits) has been developed for this purpose. SCAIL estimates the atmospheric concentration and dry deposition at the nearest edge of a sensitive ecosystem (receptor) downwind of an ammonia source. These estimates are calculated based on simple meteorological data, the emission rate of the source, land cover type and distance to the receptor. Analysis of the model predictions showed that uncertainty in the model input data leads to an uncertainty in concentration and dry deposition estimates of 25–30% and 40–45% respectively. Detailed atmospheric dispersion models will also have similar uncertainties since they use similar types of input data. Comparison of the concentration predictions with previous measurements made around eight farms showed that the model significantly underestimated concentrations although the model performance was similar to existing screening techniques. The measurement dataset was used to calibrate the SCAIL model which subsequently performed better, using independent verification data, than existing models calibrated in a similar way. The benefits of the SCAIL model are already being seen in the UK, where it is used to screen farms for potential impacts on statutory nature conservation areas.