Dilution and hydrate forming process in shock waves

Process of dilution and hydrate forming beyond the front of the shock wave with moderate amplitude (moderate shock wave front) in water with carbonic gas bubbles at varying initial static pressures has been experimentally observed and studied. Influence of surfactants on dilution and hydrate forming process beyond the shock wave occurring in the medium has been scrutinized. It has been proved that beyond the moderate shock wave in fluid with carbonic gas bubbles intense process of dilution and hydrate forming occurs resulting in complete loss of gas phase for several milliseconds. Surfactants present in the medium proved to be insignificant for dilution and hydrate forming process in the studied time range. Dependence of dilution and hydrate forming process beyond the shock wave from wave and medium parameters has been revealed. Theoretical model of dilution and hydrate forming process beyond the shock wave in gas and fluid medium taking into account convective and molecular gas diffusion in fluid, convective and conductive heat exchange caused by heat release in interphase boundary resulted from dilution and hydrate forming has been offered. Close fit of experimental data and calculations has been achieved.     

稀释水掺混用薄板式静态混合器结构设计与优化

稀释水掺混是油田或炼油厂原油电脱盐系统的关键环节,直接影响电脱盐的效率和运行能耗。为进一步简化设备结构、助力系统降本增效,提出将薄板式静态混合器应用于稀释水掺混环节。在对薄板式静态混合器进行初步结构设计的基础上,对油水混合情况进行计算流体动力学(CFD)三维数值模拟,以离析强度的平方根(IOS0.5)、管路压降(Δp)等作为评价指标,考察了注水管长度、注水管?弯曲薄板间距、弯曲薄板导向位置、弯曲薄板厚度四个结构参数对油水两相混合程度及运行能耗的影响。以混合管路内径D为基准参照,借助响应曲面法(RSM)对关键结构参数进行优化,并对最优结构参数组合下的混合性能进行预测。优化所得最优结构参数组合为注水管长度为1/3D、注水管-弯曲薄板间距为4/25D、弯曲薄板导向位置为1/8π、弯曲薄板厚度为1/25D,结构优化后的IOS0.5相比优化前降低了43.06%。定性分析薄板式混合器内的水相速度云图和流线图可知,当注水比为2%时,油水两相在注水管下游3D处即可达到均匀混合状态,可见薄板式静态混合器能够在小注水比下快速实现油水均匀混合。     

Hydrogen enrichment of methane and syngas for MILD combustion

Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution (MILD) combustion is a technology with important characteristics such as significant low emission and high-efficiency combustion. The hydrogen enrichment of conventional fuels is also of interest due to its favorable characteristics, such as low carbon-containing pollutants, high reaction intensity, high flammability, and thus fuel usage flexibility. In this study, the effects of adding hydrogen to methane and syngas fuels have been investigated under conditions of MILD combustion through numerical simulation of a well-set-up MILD burner. The Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach is adopted along the Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) combustion model with two different chemical mechanisms. Molecular diffusion is modeled using the differential diffusion approach. The effects of oxidizer dilution and fuel jet Reynolds number on the reactive flow field have been studied. Results show that with an increase in hydrogen portion of the fuel mixtures, the volume of the high-temperature region of combustion field increases whereas a reduction of oxidizer oxygen content leads to more proximity to the MILD condition. Increasing the fuel jet Reynolds number will result in an expansion of the combustion zone and shifting of this region in the axial direction. Predictions revealed that the methane flame is more sensitive to the oxidizer dilution and fuel jet Reynolds number than syngas. Moreover, enrichment of fuel with hydrogen seems to be better for acquiring condition of the MILD combustion for syngas rather than methane. Indeed, syngas shows more sensitivity to hydrogen enrichment than methane, which makes hydrogen a good additive to syngas in terms of MILD condition benefits.     

麦坝矿区铝土矿采矿方法优化及应用

我国铝土矿矿石开采逐步由露天开采转入地下开采,并且我国原生沉积性铝土矿床大多数为缓倾斜薄矿床,矿体直接顶底板围岩稳固性差。麦坝铝土矿矿区同样属于缓倾斜薄矿脉沉积性矿床,在试采期对基建采场回采过程中贫化损失指标较大,针对麦坝矿区如何控制损失率和贫化率、提高采场出矿能力,麦坝矿区对试采期间所选用的采矿方法进行了优化,改变了采场底部出矿结构并增加采场切割上山,从而减小了损失率和贫化率,较试采期基建采场相比回采率提高了33.12个百分点,提高了采场出矿能力,为矿山生产任务的完成提供了技术支撑,取得了良好的经济效益。     

金山店铁矿崩落法过渡分段放矿指标优化研究

采用无底柱分段崩落法回采的矿山,在向大结构参数的转变过程中,正常布置的大结构参数不适用于过渡分段的放矿。根据金山店铁矿开采技术条件,采用图解法、物理模拟和现场放矿试验等研究方法,得到初始过渡分段合理的采场结构参数是14 m×16 m×3.4 m;在过渡分段的放矿中,通过采取截止品位的放矿制度、增加放矿步距、加强地测工作、提高爆破质量等技术措施,过渡分段回收率可以达到77.97%,过渡分段完成生产指标是可行的。     

Velocity and concentration measurements in initial region of submerged round jets in stagnant environment and in coflow

Velocity and concentration fields are measured in submerged round jets in a stagnant environment and in coflow using laser Doppler anemometry and laser-induced fluorescence. Measurements are made in the initial region within distances of 40 jet exit diameter at jet Reynolds number between 1000 and 5000 and coflow-to-jet velocity ratio from 0 to 0.43. Different behaviors of jet spreading and dilution are found in jets at three different ranges of Reynolds number in which the jets are classified as initially laminar, transitional or turbulent. In the zone of established flow, the jet centerline velocity and concentration decay with downstream distance at different rates in the three groups of jets. For jets in coflow, axial development of normalized forms of centerline mean excess velocity and mean concentration at different velocity ratios can be reasonably well collapsed onto universal trends through the use of momentum length scale. Turbulence properties inside a jet are increased by the presence of a strong coflow. Inside the zone of flow establishment, some strange features are observed on jet turbulence properties. The length of zone of flow establishment increases from the turbulent jets, to the transition jets and to the laminar jets. The zone lengths for concentration are shorter than those for velocity by one to two jet exit diameters. Both lengths are shortened further in the presence of a coflow. For jets a stagnant environment and in the strong jet flow region of jets in coflow, jet widths increase linearly with downstream distance in transitional and turbulent jets. Self-similarity of radial profiles of mean velocity or excess velocity, mean concentration, turbulence intensities and concentration fluctuation level is explored in the zone of established flow.     

Experimental Studies on Vertical Dense Jets in a Flowing Current

Experiments were performed using three-dimensional laser-induced fluorescence on turbulent vertical dense jets in flowing currents typical of brine disposal from seawater desalination plants. The flows are complex and different phenomena can dominate at different locations and at different current speeds, indicating that predicting these flows numerically will be quite challenging. At low current speeds, the rising and falling flows are almost vertical with some interference between them and the bottom flow spreads upstream as a wedge. At higher current speeds the wedge is expelled; the ascending flow is still almost vertical, but the descending flow is more gradual so the jet impacts the lower boundary farther downstream. Dilutions at the terminal rise height and impact point increase with increasing current speeds. Cross-sectional profiles of tracer concentration are neither axially or self-similar. In the descending flow, at low or intermediate current speeds, the plume is much taller than it is wide, the peak concentration occurs much closer to the top, and fluid can detrain from the jet. At higher current speeds, the profiles initially approach radial symmetry, but develop a kidney shape due to formation of two counter-rotating vortices farther downstream. These vortices cause the jet to almost completely bifurcate after impacting the bottom.     

Proposed designs for a “dry” dilution refrigerator with a 1 K condenser

Recent development of “dry” dilution refrigerators has used mechanical cryocoolers and Joule-Thomson expansion stages to cool and liquefy the circulating ³He. While this approach has been highly successful, we propose three alternative designs that use independently-cooled condensers. In the first, the circulating helium is precooled by a mechanical cooler, and liquified by self-contained ⁴He sorption coolers. In the second, the helium is liquefied by a closed-cycle, continuous flow ⁴He refrigerator operating from a room temperature pump. Finally, the third scheme uses a separate ⁴He Joule-Thomson stage to cool the ³He condenser. The condensers in all these schemes are analogous to the “1-K pot” in a conventional dilution refrigerator. Such an approach would be advantageous in certain applications, such as instrumentation for astronomy and particle physics experiment, where a thermal stage at approximately 1 K would allow an alternative heat sink to the still for electronics and radiation shielding, or quantum computer research where a large number of coaxial cables must be heat sunk in the cryostat. Furthermore, the behaviour of such a refrigerator is simplified due to the separation of the condenser stage from the dilution circuit, removing the complex interaction between the 4-K, Joule-Thomson, still and mixing chamber stages found in current dry DR designs.     

加强采场管理 降低矿石的损失贫化

龙首矿矿区内断裂构造极其发育,断层纵横交错,因而在采矿作业中,存在着一定的矿石损失和贫化。作者在分析引起贫化、损失原因的基础上,阐述了降低贫化损失的办法。     

程潮铁矿采场结构参数优化的研究

分的了程潮铁矿贫化产生的主要原因,指出采场结构参数是影响贫化率指标的一个重要因素。运用物理和计算机模拟放矿手段,找出分段高度,进路间距和崩矿步距三者之间的数量关系,确定最优的采场结构参数,为开拓和采准设计提供了理论依据。