Maximum speedup ratio curve (MSC) in parallel computing of the binary-tree-based drainage network

Restricted computational capacity has become a key factor in limiting the development of a majority of distributed basin models. Parallel computing is one of the most effective methods for solving this problem. Although many parallel-computing methods have been employed in basin models, few studies have carried out theoretical research on parallel characteristics of river basins. In this paper, the drainage network of river basins is treated as a binary-tree structure. Using the binary-tree theory, we find that there exists a maximum speedup curve (MSC) for an arbitrary drainage network. The x-coordinate of the MSC represents the number of processors used during the computing, while the y-coordinate corresponds to the maximum speedup ratio (MSR) that can be obtained. Under several essential assumptions, the theoretical function of MSC is established. The function indicates that the MSC consists of an ascending section and a horizontal section. A parallel algorithm capable of acquiring the MSC is proposed as well. Using this algorithm, the MSC is tested at two different-resolution drainage networks of the Lhasa River Basin. A 2-year rainfall-runoff process is simulated. The results prove the existence of MSC. However, primarily influenced by the load imbalance of subbasins, the simulation values of MSR are usually smaller than the theoretical ones.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部长7油层组沉积相研究

为了明确鄂尔多斯盆地东南部长7油层组沉积体系类型和沉积相展布特征,总结其沉积演化规律,以沉积学的基本原理和方法为指导,综合运用地球化学、盆地分析等理论和方法,通过野外露头、钻井、测井等资料的综合分析,认为鄂尔多斯盆地东南部长7油层组主要发育三角洲和湖泊沉积体系,可进一步划分为3类亚相,其中以三角洲前缘和深湖2种亚相为主．     

“双转移”背景下的河源产业集群内企业竞争力研究

河源若想抓住＂双转移＂这个契机加速发展,就势必要结合河源的产业发展现状及资源状况,选择有优势的产业重点培育,发展壮大一些龙头企业,进而带动中小企业的发展,提高区域竞争力。区域竞争力的不断增强,也势必会促进更多、更优秀的企业来河源发展。同时,集群内企业也要充分利用这一机遇,利用企业内外资源,加快提升自身的竞争力。     

水文学中流域水循环机制与水文模型研究

随着社会的迅速发展,人类对自然水循环的影响越来越严重;流域内的水并非静止不动,而是处于不停地运动变化与相互变更的状态,这就要求我们要把大气、土壤及水看作一个整体或者一个系统,从而对其进行研究管理。介绍了几个较为典型的流域水文学模型,分析了现有流域水文模型的局限性,指出当前的不足及其原因。     

水贫困指数在河西走廊三大内陆河流域的应用

水贫困指数提供了一种简单、易行的水资源评价方法,它通过资源、途径、能力、利用和环境5个方面来定量评价区域水资源的相对水平。运用主客观组合赋权法确定各分指标的权重,对河西走廊三大内陆河流域的水贫困指数进行了研究。结果表明:黑河流域、疏勒河流域、石羊河流域的水贫困指数分别为39.4、66.0、36.6,评价结果与客观情况基本相符。     

淮河流域和长江中下游流域旱涝年的划分

利用1951—2007年国家气象信息中心提供的756站逐日降水资料,通过计算6—7月降水标准差,确定淮河流域和长江中下游流域降水变率最大的站点,分别计算各站与这两个流域降水变率最大的站点相关系数,把通过显著性检验的站点分别作为淮河流域和长江中下游流域的代表站。利用两流域代表站的标准化降水指数确定了1951—2007年的旱涝年份:淮河流域的旱年为1952年、1959年、1961年等共10 a,涝年为1954年、1956年、1957年等共9 a;长江中下游流域的旱年为1952年、1958年、1961年等共11 a,涝年为1954年、1969年、1980年等共10 a。结合水文资料进行修订后,确定了1951—2007年淮河流域和长江流域因梅雨季降水而导致的洪涝年份。     

石羊河流域井灌区管道灌溉系统优化模式研究

为了探求石羊河流域井灌区管道灌溉系统优化模式,对喷灌、滴灌、管灌等高效节水技术与变频调速技术进行配套,采用"恒压变量"研究方案对各灌溉技术间流量与压力协调进行了试验。结果表明:水泵的转速大于最低合理转速1 710 r/min时,在喷灌、滴灌、管灌3种工作条件下,水泵效率均较高,基本在高效区运行,同时也说明"恒压变量"一整套水泵调速工况点参数计算公式和计算方法正确可靠。     

珠江流域降雨特征研究

采用珠江流域42个站点1960—2005年46年间的日降雨资料,定义了关于降雨的三大类指标:基本降雨指标、极端降雨指标和连续降雨指标,运用MMK法对降雨序列的变化趋势进行显著性检验,以此从不同角度全面的剖析了珠江流域降雨的变化特征,为深入理解珠江流域降雨的变化规律提供一些视角,也为科学理解洪旱灾害与降雨规律的内在成因提供事实基础,同时也有利于全球气候变化与人类活动作用影响下,珠江流域水资源的有效管理与利用。     

Trunk muscle activity in different modes of carrying schoolbags

The daily load of carrying schoolbags is influenced by the mode of carriage. Electromyographic (EMG) activity from rectus abdominis and erector spinae was recorded bilaterally in five static conditions: no bag; shoulder bag; backpack; front pack; double pack. Nineteen students carried a load of 15% of their body weight. A double pack, with the load equally distributed in a front and a backpack, showed no significant differences in EMG activity compared with unloaded standing. The activity levels of erector spinae significantly decreased while carrying a backpack and increased with a shoulder bag and a front pack. Rectus abdominis revealed significantly higher EMG levels in the backpack trial. Asymmetrical activity between the right and the left part of the back muscles was clearly observed while carrying a shoulder bag with the weight at the right side of the body. The abdominal muscles revealed a slightly significant asymmetry for the shoulder bag and, surprisingly, also for the backpack. These findings suggest that the physical stresses associated with carrying book bags can be minimized by the design of a double pack. Asymmetry in muscle activity may indicate a failure of trunk stabilization and contribute to the development back pain.     

滦河流域水资源可持续利用对策分析

随着人口增长和经济社会的快速发展,对资源需求量急剧增加,水资源短缺已成为严重制约滦河流域经济发展的重要因素。文中简要分析了滦河水资源开发利用中存在的问题,并从提高水的利用效率、调整产业结构、加强水利工程建设、完善水资源管理体系等方面提出了实现水资源可持续利用的对策。