基于改进的BSMOTE和时序特征的风机故障采样算法

针对风机数据集的不平衡问题,提出了一种BSMOTE-Sequence采样算法,在合成新样本时综合考虑空间和时间特征,并对新样本进行清洗,从而有效减少噪声点的生成。首先,根据每个少数类样本的近邻样本的类别比例,将少数类样本划分为安全类样本、边界类样本和噪声类样本。然后,对每个边界类样本都遴选出空间距离、时间跨度最接近的少数类样本集,利用线性插值法合成新样本,并过滤掉噪声类样本以及类间重叠样本。最后,以支持向量机（SVM）、卷积神经网络（CNN）、长短期记忆（LSTM）人工神经网络作为风机齿轮箱故障检测模型,F1-Score、曲线下面积（AUC）和G-mean作为模型性能评价指标,在真实风机数据集上把所提算法与常用的多种采样算法进行对比,实验结果表明：相比已有算法,BSMOTE-Sequence算法所生成样本的分类效果更好,使得检测模型的F1-Score、AUC和G-mean平均提高了3%,该算法能有效地适用于数据具有时序规律且不平衡的风机故障检测领域。     

Fault estimation for aero‐engine LPV systems based on LFT

In this paper, a fault estimator with linear fractional transformation (LFT) parameter dependency is designed for the linear parameter‐varying (LPV) system of the aero‐engine with both sensor and actuator faults under disturbances. After an aero‐engine affine parameter‐dependent LPV model is derived by the linear fitting method and matrix pseudo‐inverse method, the LPV model with disturbances and fault signals is transformed into a LFT structure. Based on the full block S‐procedure, the sufficient condition for the existence of the fault estimator is proposed, which can lead to less conservative results. Then the fault estimator design algorithm which can adjust to the current system dynamic adaptively is presented. Finally, a fault estimator is designed for a turbofan aero‐engine under multiple types of faults and disturbances to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

风荷载的非高斯性对风机结构疲劳损伤的影响

为分析非高斯风荷载作用下风机结构的疲劳寿命,在穿越模型基础上,根据Monte Carlo模拟生成某典型风机正常风速条件下,高斯、非高斯硬化和软化3种风场的风速时程,用于分析风场的非高斯性对风机结构疲劳损伤的影响.由叶片的气动模型和多体动力,计算出风机的动力响应,并对响应的时域特性进行分析.基于线性损伤累积和线性裂纹扩展理论,对裂纹形成寿命和裂纹扩展寿命进行详细讨论.结果表明:不同概率特性风场作用下风机动力响应的最大值有所不同,且风机响应的非高斯性较风场的非高斯性减弱;在年平均风速较小地区,风场的非高斯性对风机疲劳寿命影响较小;但随着年平均风速的增大,非高斯性对疲劳寿命的影响显著增大,当年平均风速为7 m/s和9 m/s时,相较于高斯风场,软化过程的裂纹形成寿命减小约10%.因此,在年平均风速较大地区,需要考虑风场的软化特性对风机结构疲劳损伤的影响.     

尾缘形状对低压涡轮叶栅气动性能的影响

为减小高负荷低压涡轮叶型损失,提高低压涡轮叶栅气动性能,采用数值模拟方法研究尾缘形状对高负荷前加载低压涡轮叶栅L2F气动性能的影响.对比尾缘偏斜、增加尾缘厚度和Gurney襟翼对叶栅能量损失和流动的影响.结果表明:3种尾缘形状都能增加气流折转角,在低雷诺数时减小能量损失,在高雷诺数时增加损失,但总体上尾缘偏斜提高气动性能的效果更好.雷诺数为20 000、湍流度为3%时,尾缘偏斜能够减小16.5%叶栅能量损失,增加3.3%气流折转角.3种尾缘形状都使主流发生偏转,加速了吸力面边界层流动,抑制了流动分离,有利于减小损失;但尾缘改型增强了尾缘后流动掺混,会增加损失.     

沼气微型燃气轮机热力循环特性的仿真模拟

针对沼气设备的研发,基于Aspen PLUS分别建立了回热式和外燃式热力循环模型,研究了增压比π、涡轮前温度T3、压气机进口空气温度和涡轮出口压力对系统特性的影响,100kW级沼气燃气轮机的增压比选取值为其总体设计提供了参考。通过对比2种热力循环的特性发现,外燃式热力循环更易于回热器的匹配设计,同等涡轮前温度和低增压比的条件下,外燃式整机热效率略优于回热式。     

10MW风力机叶片设计与动力特性

为了研究大型风力机叶片在静止和转动状态下的振动模态及其变化特点,通过叶素动量理论和复合材料的叶片设计方法完成了10 MW风力机叶片的设计.基于多体系统动力学理论和超级单元模型,结合动力学分析软件ADAMS对静止状态下叶片的线性特征值进行了分析,考虑叶片的弹性变形和旋转,应用刚性积分方法对叶片的非线性控制方程进行数值求解,通过傅里叶谱分析方法,实现风轮旋转条件下的运转模态识别.结果表明,在动力刚化效应作用下,叶片的固有频率会随着转速的增加而增大.     

Temporal and spatial dynamics of surface run‐off from Lake Basaka catchment (Ethiopia) using SCS‐CN model coupled with remote sensing and GIS

The Lake Basaka catchment (Ethiopia) has undergone a significant land use–land cover (LULC) change and lake level rise over the past five decades. Significant quantities of water and sediment flow annually into the lake through erosion processes. An appropriate method of estimating the surface run‐off from such ungauged and dynamic catchment is extremely important for delineating sensitive areas (based on run‐off responses) to be protected and for development of suitable measures to reduce run‐off and associated soil loss. Reliable prediction of run‐off, however, is very difficult and time‐consuming for catchments such as that of Lake Basaka. The present study estimated the dynamics of surface (direct) run‐off using the NRCS‐CN model in ArcGIS, assisted by remote sensing and ancillary data. The results indicated the Lake Basaka catchment experienced significant temporal and spatial variability in its run‐off responses, depending on the rainfall (amount and distribution) pattern and LULC changes. A significant run‐off increase occurred after 1973, consistent with significant LULC changes and lake level increments occurring after that period. A reduced vegetation cover also resulted in increased run‐off coefficient of the lake catchment from 0.11 in the 1970s to 0.23 in the 2000s, indicating the important need to consider possible future LULC evolution when forecasting the lake catchment run‐off behaviour.     

Influence of a high‐head dam as a dispersal barrier to fish community structure of the Upper Mississippi River

In river systems, high‐head dams may increase the distance‐decay of fish community similarity by creating nearly impermeable dispersal barriers to certain species from upstream reaches. Substantial evidence suggests that migratory species are impacted by dams, and most previous studies in stream/river networks have focused on small streams and headwaters. Here, we assess whether a high‐head dam (Lock and Dam 19; LD 19) on a large river, the Upper Mississippi River (UMR), substantially alters fish community structure relative to variability expected to occur independent of the dam's effect as a fish dispersal barrier. Using fish catch per unit effort data, we modelled the distance‐decay function for the UMR fish community and then estimated the similarity that would be expected to occur across LD19 and compared it with measured similarity. Measured similarity in the fish community above and below LD19 was close to the expected value based on the distance‐decay function, suggesting LD19 does not create an abrupt transition in the fish community. Although some migratory fish species no longer occur above LD19 (e.g., skipjack herring, Alosa chrysochloris), these species do not occur in high abundance below the dam and so do not drive variation in fish community structure. Instead, much of the variation in species structure is driven by the loss/gain of species across the latitudinal gradient. Lock and Dam 19 does not appear to be a clear transition point in the river's fish community, although it may function as a meaningful barrier for particular species (e.g., invasive species) and warrant future attention from a management perspective.     

Influence of habitat heterogeneity and bed surface complexity on benthic invertebrate diversity in a gravel‐bed river

Maintaining or restoring physical habitat diversity is a central tenet of sustainable river management, yet a link between habitat and ecological diversity in fluvial systems has long remained equivocal. The lack of consistent evidence partly reflects the problems of characterizing habitat in ways that are ecologically meaningful. This paper assesses the influence of habitat heterogeneity and complexity on macroinvertebrate assemblages in a mountain gravel‐bed river. With the use of 0.1‐m resolution data obtained from an acoustic Doppler current profiler, heterogeneity and complexity in hydraulic conditions and bed topography were characterized using 13 metrics applied to 30 areas, each 1 m², with an invertebrate sample collected from each area. Turnover of invertebrate taxa (i.e., β‐diversity) between sampled areas was rather limited, but observed differences in diversity were related significantly to several metrics of habitat heterogeneity. Invertebrate abundance was related to habitat diversity, patch size coefficient of variation, and patch size, whereas the Shannon diversity was related to the number of patches and patch size. None of the habitat complexity metrics accounted for a significant amount of observed variation in invertebrate communities between sampled areas. The paper demonstrates that high‐resolution data can help reveal relationships between habitat and benthic invertebrate diversity.     

In‐stream construction‐induced suspended sediment in riverine ecosystems

Construction activities within the wetted‐perimeter of rivers, referred to as in‐stream construction, are prevalent economically and environmentally motivated activities having direct interactions with sensitive lotic environments. Currently, there is a paucity of research related to in‐stream construction activities and their effects on aquatic ecosystems. In‐stream construction‐induced suspended sediment may result in harmful effects to aquatic flora and fauna. Regulatory frameworks worldwide focus primarily on concentration, with limited consideration for duration and no consideration for spatial extents of suspended sediment exposures. This research develops theoretical concentration, duration, and spatial extent exposure risk relationships for riverine ecosystems to demonstrate the influence of each mechanism during typical in‐stream construction activities. To reduce exposure risk, concentration and duration may be considered pragmatically, based on anticipated activity characteristics and site conditions. Spatial exposure characteristics are important to consider, as illustrated by our finding that activities located near the channel centerline may result in greater exposure risk than similar activities conducted near the streambank. Current regulatory frameworks worldwide do not sufficiently consider all exposure risk mechanisms present during in‐stream construction‐induced suspended sediment releases, possibly inhibiting efforts to reduce adverse environmental effects. This research improves our understanding of suspended sediment in lotic environments and may help environmental managers better evaluate and manage in‐stream construction activities.