Characteristics of Polyaniline/Si Heterojunction Solar Cell By Electrochemical Dye Sensitization

Using the electrochemical polymerization dye sensitization （ECDS） method, polyaniline （PAn）, which is used as top region material in solar cells, is sensitized with direct blue dye（DS）, and sensitized Al grid/DS-PAn/n-Si/Al heterojunction solar cells is prepared by ECDS. Influences of the ECDS on the absorption spectrum and the junction characteristics of the solar cell were discussed, and the output characteristics were measured. The results show that the absorption spectrum of the sensitized PAn films is much wider and stronger in Vis-range; the diode quality factor is about 6.3 and the height of latent barrier potential of p-n junction is 0.89 eV; the short-circuit current and the conversion efficiency of sensitized DS- PAn/Si heterojunction solar cells are greatly improved, which the short-circuit current can increase 6 times, the fill factor is 57% and the efficiency can reach 1.42 % under the illumination of 37.2 W/m^2 , respectively.     

Preparatory processes in the task-switching paradigm: Evidence from the use of probability cues.

The purpose of the investigations was to dissociate processes of task preparation from task execution in the task-switching paradigm. The basic assumption was that task repetitions have 2 advantages over task shifts: an activation advantage as a result of the execution of the same task type in the pretrial, and an expectation advantage, because participants, in general, implicitly expect a repetition. In Experiments 1-3, the authors explicitly manipulated expectancies by presenting cues that announced a shift and/or a repetition with probabilities of 1.00, .75, .50, or .25. Increasing latencies with decreasing probability for shifts and repetitions show that the expectation advantage can be equalized by preparation. However, the activation advantage represented by constant shift costs between tasks of the same probability is not penetrable by preparation. In Experiments 4 and 5, the authors found evidence that preparation involves activation of the expected task and inhibition of distracting tasks. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

污泥含炭吸附剂的制备工艺优化及性能表征

采用先活化剂浸泡活化在干燥热解炭化的化学活化法制备污泥含炭吸附剂.实验结果表明,有机污泥在活化温度为450℃、ZnCl2药剂和干泥质量比为0.7:1、活化时间为1.5 h、锯末添加剂投加量为2%的条件下,制得的含炭吸附剂碘值在510 mg/g以上,收率>60%,比表面积>390 m2/g.由扫描电镜观察可见孔径分布以微孔和中孔为主.     

Electrochemical behavior of Cu in the (NaCl-KCl-CuCl) molten salt

The electrochemical reaction mechanism and electrocrystallization process of Cu on copper electrode in the eutectic NaCl-KCl-CuCl molten salt were investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and chronoamperometry technique at 710 C. The results show that the electrochemical reaction process of Cu is a quasi-reversible process mix-controlled by Cu + diffusion rate and electron transport rate; the electrochemical reduction mechanism is Cu + +e→Cu; the electrocry stallization process of co...     

Cycle stability of birnessite manganese dioxide for electrochemical capacitors

A combination of step potential electrochemical spectroscopy (SPECS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been used to examine the electrochemical cycling behaviour of a well-characterized birnessite-phase manganese dioxide sample for use in electrochemical capacitors. The resistance and interfacial properties of the macroscopic electrode were found to be irreversible with cycling. However, the corresponding properties for the individual particles were more reversible, although they did show substantial hysteresis in their behaviour during cycling. This behaviour was discussed in terms of the structural, conductivity and morphological characteristics of the birnessite at different depths of discharge.     

Building micro and nanosystems with electrochemical discharges

Since the discovery of the electrochemical discharge phenomenon by Fizeau and Foucault, several contributions have expanded the wide range of applications associated with this high current density electrochemical process. The complexity of the phenomenon, from the macroscopic to the microscopic scales, led since then to experimental and theoretical studies from different research fields. This contribution reviews the chemical and electrochemical perspectives where a mechanistic model based on results from radiation chemistry of aqueous solutions is proposed. In addition applications to micro-machining and fabrication of nanoparticles are discussed.     

Degradation Kinetics of (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate as a Function of pH and Dissolved Oxygen in a Liquid Model System

The degradation kinetics of (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) as a function of pH (4 to 7) and dissolved oxygen concentration (0 to 7.59 mg/L) in citrate buffer solutions were determined. EGCG degradation followed a pseudofirst order kinetic model, regardless of the conditions when the fractional conversion technique was applied for data reductions. The rate constant increased log-linearly with respect to both pH and dissolved oxygen concentration. The temperature dependence of the rate constant was adequately modeled by the Arrhenius equation with an average activation energy of 18.7 ± 1 kcal/mol. A mathematical model that relates the rate constant to temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen concentration was developed and validated. These results can help predict losses of EGCG during processing and/or storage.     

固定转化器泄漏原因分析

采用化学、金相分析方法，结合腐蚀的基本原理，对热交换器的泄漏进行了综合分析，认为造成泄漏的主要原因是循环水中存在大量的氯离子，破坏了蚀剂的保护作用。致使管子产生曜慢穿洞泄漏。     

Electrochemical behavior and the rate of general corrosion of NiAl intermetallic compound in the unbuffered sodium chloride solutions

Highly reproducible Tafel anodic and cathodic plots were obtained on NiAl intermetallic compound in the neutral and nearly neutral unbuffered NaCl solutions. The corrosion potentials and corrosion current densities were determined by the Tafel extrapolation technique at various pH values and concentrations of NaCl. The corrosion current density and Tafel slopes were determined by fitting the equation for the corrosion current density, which involves both anodic and cathodic reactions, to the experimental anodic and cathodic polarization curves in the pre-Tafel region of polarization curves. The results obtained by two methods are in good agreement.     

Preliminary analysis of compatibility with low activation martensitic steel blanket for the fusion experimental breeder: Impact of ferromagnetic behavior on plasma burning cycle

The reduced activation ferritic martensitic steels is considered a candidate for the first wall (FW) blanket structural material because of its safety environmental advantages [R.L. Klueh, D.S. Geiles, et al., Ferritic/martensitic steels overview of recent results, J. Nucl. Mater. 307-312 (2002) 455-465; T. Muroga, M. Gasparotto, S.J. Zinkle, Overview of materials research for fusion reactors, Fusion Eng. Des. 61-62 (2002) 3-25]. An engineering design analysis concerning the electromagnetic issues is performed. Preliminary analysis results show that design effort of the fusion reactor can cope with the effect of the ferromagnetic FW blanket on the electromagnetic forces, which increases by 28-38% during a major plasma disruption and overcome the influence of the poloidal field, which reduces by 10-20%, comparing with the austenitic steel blanket. Both the effect and influence depend on the saturation magnetic susceptibility and blanket configurations.