Direct liquid fuel cells: A review

Direct liquid fuel cells (DLFCs) are one of the most promising types of fuel cells due to their high energy density, simple structure, small fuel cartridge, instant recharging, and ease of storage and transport. Alcohols such as methanol and ethanol were the most common types of fuel used, although glycols and acids are also used. The main problem that arose in direct liquid fuel cells (DLFCs) was the high cost of the catalyst and the high catalyst loading. Other issues, such as fuel crossover, cathode flooding, the generation of various side products, fuel safety and unproven long-term durability, must also be solved to improve the performance of DLFCs. More research studies were required to increase its performance and foster commercialization. Currently, there were some commercial products using direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) and direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs), but the other types of DLFCs were generally still in the research stage. This paper aims to review the different types of liquid fuels directly used in fuel cells and identify their properties, challenges and applications.     

直喷柴油机掺烧低比例二甲醚(DME)和高比例柴油的试验研究

在直喷柴油机上掺烧低比例二甲醚(DME)和高比例柴油二元混合燃料进行试验研究,除低压供油系统进行技术改造外,原柴油机的结构和参数不做任何改变。试验结果表明:掺烧30%二甲醚与70%柴油二元混合燃料,不采取任何尾气处理措施,碳烟排放比原柴油机降低67%,NOx排放与原柴油机相当,燃油消耗率比原柴油机降低19.3%;直喷柴油机掺烧低比例二甲醚和高比例柴油二元混合燃料在降低碳烟和燃油消耗率方面的优越性能。     

Discrimination against diacylglycerol ethers in lipase-catalysed ethanolysis of shark liver oil

Lipase-catalysed ethanolysis of squalene-free shark liver oil was investigated. The mentioned shark liver oil was comprised mainly of diacylglycerol ether and triacylglycerols. In order to test discrimination against diacylglycerol ether, up to 10 different lipases were compared. The ratio of oil to ethanol and lipase stability were also evaluated. Surprisingly, lipase from Pseudomonas stutzeri was the fastest biocatalyst among all assayed, although poor discrimination against diacylglycerol ether was observed. The best results in terms of selectivity and stability were obtained with immobilised lipase from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435). Ethanolysis reaction after 24 h in the presence of Novozym 435 produced total disappearance of triacylglycerol and a final reaction mixture comprised mainly of diacylglycerol ethers (10.6%), monoacylglycerol ethers (32.9%) and fatty acid ethyl esters (46.0%). In addition, when an excess of ethanol was used, diacylglycerol ethers completely disappeared after 15 h, giving a final product mainly composed of monoacylglycerol ethers (36.6%) and fatty acid ethyl esters (46.4%).     

Effect of water on liquid phase DME synthesis from syngas over hybrid catalysts composed of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 and γ-Al2O3

DME synthesis from syngas via methanol has been carried out in a single-stage liquid phase reactor. Cu/ ZnO/Al₂O₃ and γ-Al₂O₃ were used together as methanol synthesis catalyst and dehydration catalyst, respectively. The influence of water on the catalytic system was investigated mainly. Water affected the activity of methanol dehydration catalyst as well as methanol synthesis catalyst. Thus, removal of water from the reaction system, by adding a dehydrating agent or controlling methanol formation rate by the reaction parameters, was efficient in maintaining the high catalytic activity and stability. Presented at the Int’l Symp. on Chem. Eng. (Cheju, Feb. 8-10, 2001), dedicated to Prof. H. S. Chun on the occasion of his retirement from Korea University.     

纯二甲醚内燃机专用喷射器防磨损性能研究

传统柴油机喷射器因二甲醚(DME)黏度太低会造成快速磨损,因而不能用于纯二甲醚内燃机中.介绍一种新型专用防磨损喷射器,利用旁通孔引流使二甲醚燃料不流过锥头杆阀的导向柱面,以避免锥头杆阀偶件受DME冲刷而引起磨损.利用Fluent软件对新型喷射器进行流量仿真,计算出旁通孔与锥头杆阀偶件环状间隙中DME的流量分布.计算结果验证了新型喷射器抵抗磨损的能力并得到一个防磨损的关键指标.     

杂环型聚酰亚胺的合成与性能比较

利用含有醚、酮及砜基官能团的二胺、二酐单体通过二步法合成了几种不同结构的聚酰亚胺。并应用FT-IR、TGA、DSC、X-Ray等测试方法,对所得聚酰亚胺树脂的性能进行测试与比较。结果表明,不同官能团对聚酰亚胺的性能影响极为不同,醚酮类聚酰亚胺能够在保持其热性能的前提下在一定程度上改善其溶解性,而含砜基聚酰亚胺则能极大地改善溶解性。应当根据具体应用对聚酰亚胺的种类进行选择。     

Synthesis and characterization of poly(arylene ether) containing cyanate ester networks

A series of bisphenols containing ether linkage were prepared from halo phenol/dihalo compound and dihydroxy compounds in the presence of K₂CO₃. The bisphenols were transformed to cyanate esters by treatment with cyanogen bromide using triethyl amine catalyst. The structure of all the five bisphenols and the cyanate esters were structurally confirmed by FT-IR, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR spectral methods and elemental analysis. The cyanate esters were cured at 100 °C (30 min) → 150 °C (30 min) → 200 °C (60 min) → 250 °C (3 hr). The thermal properties of the cured resins were studied by DSC and TGA. DSC analysis shows that these cyanate esters exhibit T _g in the range of 203–234 °C. The CE(c) has the highest glass transition temperature. The cyanate ester CE(e) shows the lowest T _g which is due to its asymmetric structure. The initial degradation temperature of the cured resins was found to be in the range of 324–336 °C. The Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) value, determined by Van Krevelen’s equation, is in the range of 35.5–38.7.     

二苯醚亚苯基硅橡胶的性能研究

对比研究了二苯醚亚苯基硅橡胶与苯基硅橡胶的性能。结果表明,二苯醚亚苯基硅橡胶具有优异的力学性能和耐热性能,其起始分解温度T0.05和最大分解温度Tmax分别为461.67℃和648.76℃,比苯基硅橡胶高出分别约80℃和110℃;DMTA分析表明,因分子主链中含有大量的二苯醚和亚苯基结构,二苯醚亚苯基硅橡胶易结晶失去弹性,Tg在7℃左右,不适合在低温环境中使用。     

A new resin system for super high solids coating

This paper concerns a super high solids coating composed of two polymers; a silicone polymer containing SiH groups, and an acrylic or polyether polymer containing C=C groups. The silicone polymer was prepared by the equilibrium reaction of SiH containing polysiloxane and other organosiloxanes in the presence of sulfuric acid. Acrylic polymers were obtained by free radical polymerization of a monomer having an alkenyl group and other vinyl monomers. Homogeneous clear paints were available by adjusting compatibility of polymers, and VOCs of the paints were very low due to the low viscosity of a silicone polymer and the absence of polar functional groups in the coating system. The crosslinking reaction of this coating occurred through the hydrosilylation reaction between SiH and C=C groups. The performances of cured films, such as etch resistance and durability, were excellent.     

甲基葡萄糖苷聚氧乙烯醚合成工艺研究(II)——溶剂法

用自制改性甘油作为溶剂合成了甲基葡萄糖苷聚氧乙烯醚 ,适宜反应条件为 :温度 1 5 0 -1 75℃ ,溶剂 1 5 % ,催化剂NaOH用量 1 % (均以原料质量计 ) ,压力 0 .2 - 0 .3Mpa ,充分搅拌。