利用催化加氢热解技术提取沉积 有机质中生物标志化合物

利用催化加氢热解技术提取了高演化沉积有机质中共价键结合的生物标志化合物,探讨了干酪根催化加氢热解反应机理,并考察了反应产物分布和影响反应的关键变量.实验表明,程序升温固定床催化加氢热解反应条件:温度上限为520℃,升温速率为5℃/min,氢压大于10MPa,氢气流量为5L/min,分散型催化剂为MoS₂(Mo的质量分数为1%).实验结果表明,催化加氢热解对提取高产率、结构重排少的干酪根中共价键结合的生物标志化合物有独特作用,该方法可以应用于有机地球化学领域.     

基于物元-AHP模型的炮兵作战指挥效能评估

为科学准确地评估作战指挥效能,在可拓物理元相关知识的基础上结合层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)构建物元-AHP模型。在对影响待评对象各指标因素进行分析建立递阶指标评价体系的基础上,运用AHP确定各级指标权重系数;对待评对象进行物元分析,计算出节域及经典域的标准值区间;进行关联度计算,得出综合评判等级。结果表明：运用该模型对炮兵作战指挥效能进行评估,能直观展现各级指标对评估结果的贡献率,为提高部队作战指挥质效提供借鉴。     

四川盆地焦石坝地区五峰-龙马溪组页岩元素地球化学特征及对页岩气开发的意义

选择四川盆地焦石坝地区JYA、JYD两口井的85块页岩岩心样品,进行了有机碳和主、微量元素测试分析。通过分析主、微量元素在剖面上的纵向变化特征,对焦石坝地区五峰组-龙马溪组含气页岩的氧化还原条件和古生产力状况进行了研究,讨论了五峰组-龙马溪组有机质富集的主控因素;探讨了地球化学元素对页岩可压性的影响和含气性的指示。研究区五峰组-龙马溪组下部优质气层段有机质含量高,平均值为3.07%。与含气页岩段相比,优质气层段页岩中的SiO₂和CaO含量较高,Mo、Cr、V、Ni、Th和U等氧化还原敏感元素富集。V/Cr、V/Sc、U/Th和Ni/Co等氧化还原条件判别指标表明,五峰组沉积期以缺氧-贫氧环境为主,龙马溪组沉积期下部以缺氧环境为主,往上则主要为含氧环境。古生产力指标Ba_（xs）指示五峰组-龙马溪组页岩沉积期具有高等生产力背景。优质气层段有机碳含量与Mo/Al、U/Th、Ni/Co、V/Sc值之间存在明显的正相关,说明有机质富集主要受氧化还原条件控制。另外,优质气层段页岩生物成因的硅质含量高,且有机碳含量与SiO₂含量呈正相关,有利于形成天然裂缝和后期人工压裂改造。优质气层段的地化元素比值明显高于含气页岩段,说明化学元素比值与页岩含气性之间存在一定的相关性。     

澳大利亚North Carnarvon盆地中生代气候环境演变与优质烃源岩发育机制

利用地层中包含的大量微体化石,结合沉积学分析,恢复了澳大利亚North Carnarvon盆地中生代的古气候与古环境,综合中生界优质烃源岩发育的古地理背景,探讨了其发育模式。研究结果表明,中生代不同层段微体化石属种及其相对含量的变化,对应于古气候与古环境的变迁;古气候呈干旱—湿润—干旱—湿润的旋回性变化;早三叠世—晚三叠世为水退过程,晚三叠世—晚白垩世整体为水进过程。中生界可识别出4个沉积相类型:三角洲相、滨海相、局限海相和开阔海相。早三叠世主要发育开阔海相,中—晚三叠世则主要发育三角洲相,侏罗纪局限海相尤为发育,白垩纪主要发育局限海相和开阔海相。4个沉积相的微体化石组合特征差异明显,三角洲—滨浅海—局限海—开阔海孢粉含量逐渐下降,沟鞭藻+疑源类含量逐渐升高;三角洲相与滨浅海相孢粉占主导地位,局限海相孢粉含量与沟鞭藻+疑源类含量相近,开阔海相则以沟鞭藻+疑源类占主导地位。古气候与古环境影响沉积物的供给及有机物的形成,微体化石组合决定了有机质的母质类型,两者最终决定了盆地有机质的发育模式,综合中生界烃源岩发育的古地理背景、古气候条件及微体化石组合特征,将其有机质发育模式总结为大型三角洲背景下陆源有机质发育模式和局限海背景下混合有机质发育模式。     

高抗冲聚苯乙烯粒子发灰原因分析及对策

针对高抗冲聚苯乙烯（HIPS）生产过程中出现的粒子发灰现象,从原料、聚合和脱挥单元分析了原因,并采取了相应对策。结果表明:原料苯乙烯的含氧储存环境、聚丁二烯橡胶（BR）中挥发分及氯离子含量高是导致产品粒子发灰的主要原因;将苯乙烯存储由有氧环境改为氮气环境,严格控制 BR 中挥发分质量分数小于 0.5%,且优选线型低顺式BR,可有效降低 HIPS 产品粒子发灰的几率。     

Comparing alternative cellulosic biomass biorefining systems: Centralized versus distributed processing systems

This study explores how two different cellulosic ethanol production system configurations (distributed versus centralized processing) affect some aspects of the economic and environmental performance of cellulosic ethanol, measured as minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) and various environmental impact categories. The eco-efficiency indicator, which simultaneously accounts for economic and environmental features, is also calculated. The centralized configuration offers better economic performance for small-scale biorefineries, while the distributed configuration is economically superior for large-scale biorefineries. The MESP of the centralized configuration declines with increased biorefinery size up to a point and then rises due to the cost of trucking biomass to the biorefinery. In contrast, the MESP in the distributed configuration continuously declines with increasing biorefinery size due to the lower costs of railroad transportation and the greater economies of scale achieved at much larger biorefinery sizes, including biorefineries that reach the size of an average oil refinery—about 30,000 tons per day of feedstock. The centralized system yields lower environmental impacts for most impact categories than does the distributed system regardless of the biorefinery size. Eco-efficiency analysis shows that the centralized configuration is more sustainable for small-scale biorefineries, while the distributed configuration with railroad transport is more sustainable for large-scale biorefineries. Compared with gasoline from petroleum, cellulosic ethanol fuel offers sustainability advantages for the following environmental impact categories: fossil energy consumption, global warming, human health impacts by particulate matter, ozone layer depletion, ecotoxicity, human health cancer, and human health non-cancer, depending somewhat on the biorefinery sizes and the system configurations.     

Sickle bush (Dichrostachys cinerea L.) field performance and physical–chemical property assessment for energy purposes

The sickle bush (Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn.) comprises a woody legume shrub which is widely distributed throughout of the tropical areas of Africa, Asia and Oceania, being found as well in Cuba where it represents a difficult to control invasive plant. It holds great silvopasture and energy crop potentials. In southwestern Spain a two year field trial was conducted contemplating also another six hardwood taxa commonly used as energy crops. The sickle bush above ground dry biomass fraction was 60.4%; sickle bush displayed a high transpiration rate during hot days (3.02 kg m⁻² d⁻¹ to 6.82 kg m⁻² d⁻¹); cold winter temperatures (<−2 °C) together with hot and dry summer air (<20% relative humidity) committed survival and growth. The physical-chemical wood properties and the pellets thereof derived were analyzed and compared to those of the other energy crop taxa. The within other woody species normal chemical composition range coupled to a high wood density and energetic use properties (19.2 MJ kg⁻¹ higher heating value, 29 g kg⁻¹ ash content) all allow for an industrial use. Pellets evidenced also good physical and mechanical properties (690 kg m⁻³ bulk density, 42 g kg⁻¹ moisture content). However, the mechanical durability (93.9%) was slightly less than that required by the non-industrial use standards, therefore further improvements should be studied. All of the above could encourage scrubland cuts in Cuba as a mechanical control method, in addition to the expansion of plantations within of their tropical climate based natural habitats.     

南海东部沉积物中烃类化合物的地球化学特征

采用色谱和色谱-质谱技术测定了南海东部沉积物柱样HD196A中的有机物,共检测出正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烃、支链烷烃和多环芳烃等90多种烃类化合物.对样品柱中部的HD196A-30子样(3.40 m)和近底部的HD196A-55子样(6.20 m)进行了地球化学特征分析.由正构烷烃分布曲线的形状、碳数范围、主峰位置以及CPI值和OEP值等特征可见,沉积物中的有机质主要来源于陆地高等植物、海洋浮游生物藻类和细菌源共存物,并以源于陆源高等植物的有机质占优势.同时,多环芳烃中菲系列成熟度参数的分布反映了该区沉积物成熟度较高.在样品中检测到角鲨烯,表明这一地区存在生物甲烷合成和细菌作用,具有生成油气及天然气水合物可能性.从柱状样品的中部到底部,S₈相对浓度的急剧增加,表示底部子样接近了硫酸盐甲烷交接带.结合区域构造背景和分析结果表明,HD196A站位具有天然气水合物形成的气源条件和温压条件.该区已有的研究资料报道的高值异常区与本次研究站位相吻合,显示该海区具有烃渗漏来源,是海底油、气和天然气水合物勘探的有利地区.     

燃煤锅炉PM10排放及元素分布特性的实验研究

应用低压撞击器对某300 MW燃煤锅炉除尘器前后的飞灰颗粒进行采样,对飞灰颗粒的质量粒径分布、除尘器对不同粒径颗粒的除尘效率和元素Si、Al、Fe、Ca、Mg、S、Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn的分布富集规律进行了研究,结果表明该电站除尘器前后PM_(10)质量粒径分布及元素质量分布均呈双峰分布,其峰值分别在0．1μm和2．36～3．95μm附近．除尘器对不同粒径颗粒的收集效率差别很大,对粒径大于10μm颗粒的收集效率约为100%,而对亚微米颗粒的收集效率在62%～83%之间．元素Mg、S、Cu、Zn和Pb在小粒径的飞灰颗粒上有明显富集趋势,特别是元素Cu、Zn和Pb,其相对富集系数达30～40,Si、Al和Ca的富集系数与粒径成正比变化,而Fe和Mn的富集系数与粒径没有规律性变化．     

基于电控燃油喷射技术的柴油机全气缸取样系统的设计与开发

在CY6102BZLQ直喷柴油机上,开发了一套基于电控技术的全气缸取样系统．介绍了该系统各组成部分的结构和工作原理．系统通过电控技术,在取样过程中实验缸只进行1-2次喷油,取样机构和稀释系统迅速打开燃烧室空间并淬灭化学反应,气门停开机构适时关闭进、排气门．系统可实现模拟EGR、增压中冷、电控高压共轨燃油喷射等先进柴油机技术,是研究现代柴油机燃烧过程及污染物生成、演化历程的重要工具．