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21.
Temperature and pH‐responsive interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels, constructed with poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), by a sequential IPN method, were studied. The characterization of IPN hydrogels was investigated by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and swelling under various conditions. The IPN hydrogels exhibited relatively high swelling ratios, in the range 230–380 %, at 25 °C. The swelling ratios of the PMAA/PVA IPN hydrogels were pH and temperature dependent. DSC was used for the quantitative determination of the amounts of freezing and non‐freezing water. The amount of free water increased with increasing PMAA content in the IPN hydrogels. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
22.
Xue‐Bing Zhao Lei Wang De‐Hua Liu 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2008,83(6):950-956
Previous work has shown that the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse could be greatly enhanced by peracetic acid (PAA) pretreatment. There are several factors affecting the enzymatic digestibility of the biomass, including lignin and hemicelluloses content, cellulose crystallinity, acetyl group content, accessible surface area and so on. The objective of this work is to analyze the mechanism of the enhancement of enzymatic digestibility caused by PAA pretreatment. Delignification resulted in an increase of the surface area and reduction of the irreversible absorption of cellulase, which helped to increase the enzymatic digestibility. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum showed that the absorption peaks of aromatic skeletal vibrations were weakened or disappeared after PAA pretreatment. However, the infrared crystallization index (N.O'KI) was increased. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the crystallinity of PAA‐treated samples was increased owing to the partial removal of amorphous lignin and hemicelluloses and probable physical change of cellulose. The effect of acetyl group content on enzymatic digestibility is negligible compared with the degree of delignification and crystallinity. The results indicate that enhancement of enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse by PAA pretreatment is achieved mainly by delignification and an increase in the surface area and exposure of cellulose fibers. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
23.
Anastasiya Rybak Patrice A. Fokou Michael A. R. Meier 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》2008,110(9):797-804
Olefin metathesis, awarded with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005 for Chauvin, Grubbs and Schrock, has emerged as a powerful tool for organic as well as polymer chemistry. In oleochemistry, this reaction is well known and has been applied for many decades. Examples include the functionalization of the double bonds of different oleochemicals or the (direct) polymerization of plant oils via metathesis. More recent developments, particularly the development of better and more robust catalysts, allow for highly efficient cross‐metathesis reactions opening new possibilities for the direct introduction of chemical functionalities. Within this contribution, the development of metathesis in oleochemistry will be discussed, covering self‐metathesis as well as more recent developments in the field of cross‐metathesis that lead to desired platform chemicals. 相似文献
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26.
Ignacio Rintoul 《Polymer》2005,46(13):4525-4532
A precise data set describing the kinetics of the free radical copolymerization of acrylamide/acrylic acid (AM/AA) in the range of low total monomer concentration as a function of the pH, total monomer concentration, initiator concentration, and comonomer ratio is presented. Strong impact on the reactivity ratios has been identified for the pH and total monomer concentration. Specifically, at constant total monomer concentration of 0.4 mol/l and T=313 K the reactivity ratio of AM increases from 0.54 at pH 1.8 to 3.04 at pH 12. Contrarily, the reactivity ratio of AA decreases from 1.48 to 0.32. The crossover occurs at pH≈4.2. Electrostatic effects due to the variation of the degree of ionization of AA are primarily suggested to influence the kinetics. When the total monomer concentration increases from 0.2 to 0.6 mol/l at constant pH=12, the reactivity ratios of AM and AA decrease from 4.01 to 2.13 and increase from 0.25 to 0.47, respectively. Reduction of electrostatic repulsion between the ionized monomer AA and partially charged growing polymer chain ends due to higher ionic strength at higher total monomer concentration serves as explanation of the effect. The precise data set is the prerequisite for a novel approach to calculate copolymer compositions in case of variable monomer reactivity. 相似文献
27.
榆树林油田砂岩储层敏感性研究 总被引:16,自引:10,他引:6
榆树林油田储层粘土矿物含量较高,各种注入条件和施工条件都会对该储层造成相应的伤害,应采取相应的防护措施,为防止速敏的发生,储层的注水速度应控制在临界流速(1.0mL/min)以下,在油井转注时,可先注入1.09PV的含粘土稳定剂的进行处理,以提高产量或注入量,注入阴离子表面活性剂配置的活性水再注入地层水,不能增加地层水的渗透率,该项试验研究对指导榆树林油田的开发具有重要的意义。 相似文献
28.
M. Aigner M. Zeilinger H. Hofbauer 《Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification》1995,34(6):515-520
The hydrolysis of isocyanic acid in the gaseous phase has been investigated at temperatures between 553 and 613 K by mass spectrometry and evaluated to obtain the corresponding kinetic data. The reaction order and reaction constant have been determined. Finally, the influence of water on the catalysed formation of melamine from isocyanic acid under the operating conditions employed has been investigated in order to determine whether there is a need to try the process gas. 相似文献
29.
Gelation Properties of Ovalbumin as Affected by Fatty Acid Salts 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
NAOKO YUNO-OHTA HIROKO TORYU TAKAHIKO HIGASA HIDEO MAEDA MITSUKO OKADA HIROYUKI OHTA 《Journal of food science》1996,61(5):906-910
The physicochemical properties of heat-induced ovalbumin (OVA) gels containing fatty acid salts (FAS) were investigated. Water-holding ability and transparency markedly increased in the presence of sodium caprate or sodium laurate. At 9% of the protein concentration transparent and hard gels formed; at 7%, transparent and soft gels formed. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the transparent gels had a more homogeneous structure than turbid gels without FAS. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated that denaturation temperature of OVA was decreased and the peaks became broader after addition of FAS. 相似文献
30.
用标准C语言在IBM-PC兼容微机上开发了基于PROSITE数据库检索蛋白质序列功能位点的PPS程序,PROSITE是Bairoch建立的蛋白质功能位点或结构模式的资料库,为蛋白质序列分析和结构功能研究提供了新工具。 相似文献