UG-75/5.3-M_3型锅炉冷态流化特性的试验研究

对UG－75／5．3－M3型循环流化床锅炉在点火底料不同厚度下的料层阻力进行了测试，并获得了该型锅炉在颗粒为0～5mm时料层阻力特性曲线，进而得出了料层阻力与料层厚度关系的计算公式和临界流化风量，为该种锅炉点火时风量的控制及运行中料层厚度的调节提供了依据。     

Viscosity virtual sensor to control combustion in fossil fuel power plants

Thermo-electrical power plants utilize fossil fuel oil to transform the calorific power of fuel into electric power. An optimal combustion in the boiler requires the fuel oil to be in its best conditions. One of fuel's most important properties to consider is viscosity. Viscosity has influence on the optimal combustion between fuel and air. Hardware viscosity meters for fuel oils are expensive and unreliable to operate in power plant conditions. Chemical laboratory measures viscosity accurately with special apparatus, but they cannot be used in a real time process. This paper describes the development of a virtual sensor that estimates fuel oil viscosity in the combustion process of a power plant. A virtual sensor or soft sensor is a computer program that estimates the value of a certain variable based on related measurements and a model of the process where the variable participates. In this project, a probabilistic model is constructed using automatic learning algorithms with historical data and experts' advice. The learning and validation experiments are described and discussed. The virtual sensor is installed in the Tuxpan Power Plant in Veracruz, Mexico.     

Optimising the design of a piston-ring pack using DoE methods

This paper shows how design of experiments can be used with a ring-pack simulation program to optimise the design of a piston-ring assembly. Ten factors are varied—six describing the ring profile, three ring tensions, and the lubricant viscosity. Statistical analysis shows that there are some significant interactions between some of the factors—an issue that should be considered when performing test-bed measurements on engines. It is shown that an improved design can be achieved that reduces ring losses by 57% whilst reducing upward oil flow by 39%. This could lead to a 7% improvement in fuel economy provided there are no deleterious effects in other parts of the engine.     

Selection of fuel cladding material for nuclear fission reactors

The growing understanding of the link between carbon emissions and global warming has been promoting a discussion on the environmental and safety viability of nuclear power generation. Current open fuel cycle reactors, however, result in low energy efficiency and produce large volumes of nuclear waste. More advanced nuclear reactors, which are currently under investigation, are expected to allow more efficient and safer use of nuclear energy. In all these cases, the fuel cladding is the most important safety barrier in fission nuclear reactors, as it restrains most of the radioactive fission products within its volume. The selection of fuel cladding material is based on many design constraints, such as neutron absorption cross section, service temperature, mechanical strength, toughness, neutron radiation resistance, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, and chemical compatibility. The present paper reviews the selection of nuclear fuel cladding materials since the early reactors, illustrating some of the main failure modes and briefly discussing the challenges facing the development of fuel cladding materials for generation IV reactors.     

600MW机组锅炉灭火不停机操作优化

针对宁夏大唐国际大坝发电有限责任公司2×600 MW火电机组设备状况,总结了锅炉灭火后的操作方法,对锅炉灭火后不停机的可行性进行了讨论,并提出了优化建议。     

Optimal power flow using differential evolution algorithm

This paper presents an efficient and reliable evolutionary-based approach to solve the optimal power flow (OPF) problem. The proposed approach employs differential evolution algorithm for optimal settings of OPF problem control variables. The proposed approach is examined and tested on the standard IEEE 30-bus test system with different objectives that reflect fuel cost minimization, voltage profile improvement, and voltage stability enhancement. The proposed approach results are compared with the results reported in the literature. The results show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach.     

准分布式光纤Bragg光栅传感器在微生物燃料电池温度场测量中的应用

微生物燃料电池(MFC)在近些年得到了迅猛了发展,尤其是MFC具有产电且同时处理废水的效果,引起了世界各国科学家的高度关注。如何提高MFC产电效率的问题一直是MFC的研究重点,其中温度是影响微生物活性的一个重要因素,进而影响MFC的产电效率。为了能够更好地了解温度场与MFC的产电效率的关系,本文采用准分布式光纤Bragg光栅(FBG)阵列,对MFC阳极室内温度场分布进行实时测量。实验表明:该方法能够测量MFC运行阶段阳极室内温度场分布,反应前后温度差3-4℃,该方法为研究MFC内温度与产电效率的关系提供一种新的手段。     

Ionically Cross‐Linked Proton Conducting Membranes for Fuel Cells

For improving stability without sacrificing ionic conductivity, ionically cross‐linked proton conducting membranes are fabricated from Na⁺‐form sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone kentone) (SPPESK) and H⁺‐formed sulfonated poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (SPPO). Ionically acid‐base cross‐linking between sulfonic acid groups in SPPO and phthalazone groups in SPPESK impart the composite membranes the good miscibility and electrochemical performance. In particular, the composite membranes possess proton conductivity of 60–110 mS cm⁻¹ at 30 °C. By controlling the protonation degree of SPPO within 40–100 %, the composite membranes with favorable cross‐linking degree are qualified for application in fuel cells. The maximum power density of the composite membrane reaches approximately 1100 mW cm⁻² at the current density of 2800 mA cm⁻² at 70 °C.     

Analysis of Leakages in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack in a System Environment

A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack can exhibit both anodic and cathodic leakages, i.e. a fuel leak from the anode side and an air leak from the cathode side of the stack, respectively. This study describes the results of an in‐situ leakage analysis conducted for a planar SOFC stack during 2000 hours of operation in an actual system environment. The leakages are quantified experimentally at nominal system operating conditions by conducting composition analysis and flow metering of gases for both fuel and air subsystems. Based on the calculated atomic hydrogen‐to‐carbon ratio of the fuel and air gases, it is found that the fuel leakages are mostly selective by nature: the leaking fuel gas does not have the same composition as the fuel system gas. A simple diffusive leakage model, based on the leakage being driven by concentration differences weighted by diffusion coefficients, is applied to quantify the amount of leakages. The leakage model provides a good correspondence with the experimental results of the gas analysis.     

Dynamic Simulation of Oxygen Transport Rates in Highly Ordered Electrodes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Highly ordered Pt electrode has been recognized as an important technology for reducing Pt usage in fuel cells due to its improved oxygen transport capability. However, ordered Pt electrode can lead to the decrease in roughness of electrode, which in turn makes it unclear whether the improved oxygen transport can offset the decreased roughness of ordered electrode. Herein, we theoretically investigate the oxygen distribution, generated current, and minimum Pt loading of ordered Pt electrode based on kinetic model of oxygen transport. The results reveal that ordered Pt electrodes do not exhibit concentration polarization with the electrode thickness up to 100 μm. For ordered Pt electrode with diameter of nanorod of 60 nm, the limited current density reaches 110.2 A cm⁻² that is much higher than that for conventional electrode without considering Ohmic loss and mass transport loss outside electrode. To generate a current of 1.5 A cm⁻² at 0.67 V for fuel cell, the minimum Pt loading of cathode in PEMFC reaches 0.029 mg cm⁻² assuming that the electrocatalyst nanorods contain 1 nm Pt layer at the outmost surface.