发电燃料成本预测分析与数学模型

通过分析发电燃料成本的构成及影响因素,建立成本预测的数学模型,并用计算机程序实现成本预测.基于回归分析方法,进行参数修正,给出了完整的实用分析方法,经验证该方法可行.     

Low Temperature Water–Gas Shift/Methanol Steam Reforming: Alkali Doping to Facilitate the Scission of Formate and Methoxy C–H Bonds over Pt/ceria Catalyst

Doping Pt/ceria catalysts with the Group 1 alkali metals was found to lead to an important weakening of the C–H bond of formate and methoxy species. This was demonstrated by a shift to lower wavenumbers of the formate and methoxy ν(CH) vibrational modes by DRIFTS spectroscopy. Li and Na-doped Pt/ceria catalysts were tested relative to the undoped catalyst for low temperature water–gas shift and methanol steam reforming using a fixed bed reactor and exhibited higher catalytic activity. Steaming of formate and methoxy species pre-adsorbed on the catalyst surface during in-situ DRIFTS spectroscopy suggested that the species were more reactive for dehydrogenation steps in the catalytic cycle for the Li and Na-doped catalysts relative to undoped Pt/ceria. However, with increasing atomic number over the series of alkali-doped catalysts, the stability of a fraction of the carbonate species was found to increase. This was observed during TPD-MS measurements of the adsorbed CO₂ probe molecule by a systematic increase of a high temperature peak for a fraction of the CO₂ desorbed. This result indicates that alkali-doping is an optimization problem—that is, while improving the dehydrogenation rates of methoxy and formate species, the carbonate intermediate stability increases, making it difficult to liberate the CO₂. Infrared spectroscopy results of CO adsorbed on Pt and ceria suggest that the alkali dopant is located on, and electronically modifies, both the Pt and ceria components. The results not only lend further support to the role that methoxy and formate species play as intermediates in the catalytic mechanisms, but also provide a path forward for improving rates by means other than resorting to higher noble metal loadings.     

Preparation and application of mesocellular carbon foams to catalyst support in methanol electro-oxidation

A novel and simple preparation method for preparing a mesocellular carbon foam (MCF-C) is described. A silica–polymer composite as an amphi-templating material was synthesized by a sol–gel method using tetraethyoxy-orthosilicate (TEOS), P123 and divinylbezene (DVB) as a silica precursor, a template and a polymer precursor, respectively. The silica–polymer composite was subsequently transformed to either mesocellular carbon foam (MCF-C) or mesocellular silica foam (MCF-S). The prepared MCF-C exhibited well-developed mesocell pore structures with uniform windows. Compared to conventional methods, the method used for preparing MCF-C was economical and simple. MCF-C was used as a catalyst support in methanol electro-oxidation. The Pt/MCF-C-ETX (MCF-C-supported Pt catalyst which was prepared using sodium ethoxide) catalyst has smaller Pt nanoparticles and a larger electrochemically active surface area (EAS) value than the commercial Pt/C catalyst. In methanol electro-oxidation, the prepared Pt/MCF-C-ETX catalyst showed a higher catalytic performance than the commercial Pt/C catalyst.     

Pelletised fuel production from coal tailings and spent mushroom compost – Part II. Economic feasibility based on cost analysis

Due to the growing market for sustainable energy, in order to increase the quality of the fuels, pellets are being produced from various materials such as wood and other biomass energy crops, and municipal waste. This paper presents the results from an economic feasibility study for pellet production using blends of two residue materials: coal tailings from coal cleaning and spent mushroom compost (SMC) from mushroom production. Key variables such as the mixture composition, raw material haulage and plant scale were considered and the production costs were compared to coal and biomass energy prices. For both wet materials, the moisture content was the critical parameter that influenced the fuel energy costs. The haulage distance of the raw materials was another factor that can pose a high risk. The results showed that the pellet production from the above two materials can be viable when a less energy-intensive drying process is utilised. Potential market outlets and ways to lower the costs are also discussed in this paper.     

石墨／聚合物复合双极板的制备与性能表征

以石墨为导电骨料,高分子聚合物为粘结剂,通过模压成型制备质子交换膜燃料电池双极板。主要探讨了导电骨料种类、粘结剂种类、导电骨料的粒度分布、石墨的表面处理及其增强纤维表面处理对双极板性能的影响。实验结果表明:各种影响因素对材料密度影响不大,但对导电性和抗折强度的影响很大;用天然石墨作导电骨料的样品性能明显优于用人造石墨作导电骨料的样品性能;用改性树脂为粘结剂的样品的性能优于其他各种未改性树脂为粘结剂的样品性能。最佳的实验条件为:用天然石墨A和C作导电骨料,改性树脂R3和自制树脂R6作粘结剂,石墨的粒度分布为-160～ 200目或-200～ 325目,石墨用98%的浓硫酸处理,纤维选用酒精处理以增强纤维与树脂间的结合力。     

Direct synthesis of H2O2 acid solutions on carbon cathode prepared from activated carbon and vapor-growing-carbon-fiber by a H2/O2 fuel cell

Direct synthesis of H₂O₂ acid solutions was studied using a gas-diffusion cathode prepared from activated carbon (AC), vapor-growing-carbon-fiber (VGCF) and poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene (PTFE) powders, with a new H₂/O₂ fuel cell reactor. O₂ reduction to H₂O₂ was remarkably enhanced at the three-phase boundary (O₂(g)-electrode(s)-acid(l)) at the [AC + VGCF] cathode. Fast diffusion processes of O₂ to the active surface and of H₂O₂ to the bulk acid solutions were essential for H₂O₂ accumulation. Synergy of AC and VGCF was observed for the H₂O₂ formation. RRDE and cyclic voltammetry studies indicated that the surface of AC functioned as the active phase for O₂ reduction to HO₂, and VGCF functioned as an electron conductor and a promoter to convert HO₂ to H₂O₂. A maximum H₂O₂ concentration of 353 mM (1.2 wt%) was accomplished under short-circuit conditions (current density 12.7 mA cm⁻², current efficiency 40.1%, geometric area of cathode 1.3 cm², reaction time 6 h).     

PEMFC燃料电池三级电堆的装配分析

以提高PEMFC燃料电池电堆性能为目的,研究了电堆组装过程中加载方式和载荷对电堆接触电阻及电堆性能的影响。利用有限元分析软件ANSYS Workbench对三级电堆的装配过程进行有限元分析。分析了几种不同大小的载荷及不同的加载方式的装配对电堆性能的影响,对比了这几种情况下燃料电池堆的核心部件膜电极(MEA)组件的变形情况及应力分布情况,得出电堆的最佳装配载荷。该结果可为燃料电池电堆的装配提供较好的参考依据。     

Synthesis of Pt and Pd nanosheaths on multi-walled carbon nanotubes as potential electrocatalysts of low temperature fuel cells

Pt and Pd nanosheaths are successfully synthesized on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using the non-covalent poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) functionalization and seed-mediated growth methods. In this method, negatively charged Pt or Pd metal precursors are self-assembled with positively charged PDDA-functionalized MWCNTs, forming uniformly distributed Pt or Pd nanoseeds on MWCNTs supports. The contiguous and highly porous Pt and Pd nanosheath structured catalysts are then formed by the seed-mediated growth in corresponding metal precursors using ascorbic acid as the reducing agent. The essential role of uniformly dispersed Pt and Pd nanoseeds on PDDA-MWCNTs is demonstrated. The results indicate that both Pt and Pd nanosheaths show an enhanced catalytic activity for the methanol and formic acid oxidation reaction in acid solution, respectively, as compared with conventional Pt/C and Pd/C catalysts. The enhanced activities are most likely due to the reduced oxophilicity, which results in a weakened chemisorption energy with oxygen-containing species such as CO_ad, and the increased reactive sites due to the large number of grain boundaries of the Pt and Pd nanosheath structured electrocatalysts.     

Pt decorating of PdNi/C as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction

A low-cost and high performance catalyst consisting of Pt decorating PdNi/C (Pt-PdNi/C) for oxygen reduction is prepared by a two-stage route. The characterization techniques considered are X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) technique. The results show that the Pt-PdNi/C catalyst has an average diameter of ca. 5 nm. The electrochemical activity for the ORR is evaluated from steady state polarization measurements, which are carried out in an ultra-thin layer rotating disk electrode (RDE). The RDE tests show that the Pt-PdNi/C catalyst has the highest ORR activity compared to pure Pt/C, Pd/C and PdNi/C catalysts. High electrocatalytic activities could be attributed to the synergistic effect between Pt and PdNi.     

Effect of CO2, HCO3 and CO3 on oxygen reduction in anion exchange membrane fuel cells

The effect of carbonate and bicarbonate anions on the oxygen reduction reaction was investigated in four alkaline solutions (pH ∼ 14) on a Pt disk type electrode with varying concentrations of carbonate and bicarbonate. The addition of carbonate and bicarbonate had two primary effects on the observed voltammetric behavior: i) The Tafel slope shifts positive with increasing carbonate/bicarbonate concentration, indicating that the carbonate anions may compete for surface adsorption sites; and ii) The dissolved oxygen concentration and diffusion coefficient are depressed with increasing anion concentration. Finally, adding CO₂ to the cathode stream of an anion exchange membrane fuel cell caused an improvement in the device performance under fully hydrated conditions, suggesting that the fuel cell was operating at least partially under the carbonate cycle.