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61.
62.
常规的冲击钻井工具不能满足井眼轨迹控制要求、使用寿命有限、缓解脱压不显著等问题,影响了在定向井钻井中的推广应用。建立248;215.9 mm PDC钻头和岩石的有限元模型,分析钻井参数对破岩效率的影响规律,结果表明:冲击频率为17.5 Hz和35 Hz时,破岩效率最优; 破岩效率随钻压增大而增加,而后变化逐渐平缓; 破岩效率随钻头转速增大而增加; 破岩效率随冲击载荷的增加变化平缓。据此研制了新型水力旋冲钻井工具。现场试验表明,该工具符合定向水平井“一趟钻”工艺要求,使机械钻速提高56%,使用寿命达150 h,MWD信号正常。 相似文献
63.
This paper investigates a renewable energy resource’s application to the Load–Frequency Control of interconnected power system. The Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers are replaced with Proportional-Integral Plus (PI+) controllers in a two area interconnected thermal power system without/with the fast acting energy storage devices and are designed based on Control Performance Standards (CPS) using conventional/Beta Wavelet Neural Network (BWNN) approaches. The energy storing devices Hydrogen generative Aqua Electroliser (HAE) with Fuel cell and Redox Flow Battery (RFB) are incorporated to the two area interconnected thermal power system to efficiently damp out the electromechanical oscillations in the power system because of their inherent efficient storage capacity in addition to the kinetic energy of the generator rotor, which can share the sudden changes in power requirements. The system was simulated and the frequency deviations in area 1 and area 2 and tie-line power deviations for 5% step- load disturbance in area 1 are obtained. The comparison of frequency deviations and tie-line power deviations of the two area interconnected thermal power system with HAE and RFB designed with BWNN controller reveals that the PI+ controller designed using BWNN approach is found to be superior than that of output response obtained using PI+ controller. Moreover the BWNN based PI+ controller exhibits a better transient and steady state response for the interconnected power system with Hydrogen generative Aqua Electroliser (AE) unit than that of the system with Redox Flow Battery (RFB) unit. 相似文献
64.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2020,45(38):19720-19732
The need to reduce PEMFC systems cost as well as to increase their durability is crucial for their integration in various applications and especially for transport applications. A new simplified architecture of the anode circuit called Alternating Fuel Feeding (AFF) offers to reduce the development costs. Requiring a new stack concept, it combines the simplicity of Dead-End Anode (DEA) with the operation advantages of the hydrogen recirculation. The three architectures (DEA, recirculation and AFF) are compared in terms of performance on a 5-kW test bench in automotive conditions, through a sensitivity analysis. A gain of 17% on the system efficiency is observed when switching from DEA to AFF. Moreover, similar performances are obtained both for AFF and for recirculation after an accurate optimization of the AFF tuning parameters. Based on DoE data, a gain of 25% on the weight of the anodic line has been identified compared to pulsed ejector architecture and 43% with the classic recirculation architecture with blower only (Miraï). 相似文献
65.
The new layered niobate Cu0.5Nb3O8 is synthesized by soft chemistry in aqueous electrolyte via Cu2+→H+ exchange between copper nitrate and HNb3O8·H2O. The characterization of the exchanged product is made by means of thermal gravimetry, chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy. Thermal analysis shows a conversion to anhydrous compound above 500 °C. The oxide displays a semiconductor like behavior; the thermal variation of the conductivity shows that d electrons are strongly localized and the conduction is thermally activated with activation energy of 0.13 eV. The temperature dependence of the thermopower is indicative of an extrinsic conductivity; the electrons are dominant carriers in conformity with an anodic photocurrent. Indeed, the Mott–Schottky plot confirms n-type conduction from which a flat band potential of −0.82 VSCE, an electronic density of 8.72×1019 m−3 and a depletion width of 4.4 nm are determined. The upper valence band, located at ~5.8 eV below vacuum is made up predominantly of Cu2+: 3d with a small admixture of O2−: 2p orbitals whereas the conduction band consists of empty Nb5+: 5s level. The energy band diagram shows the feasibility of the oxide for the photocatalytic hydrogen production upon visible light (29 mW cm−2) with a rate evolution of 0.31 mL g−1 min−1. 相似文献
66.
It is expected that demand response might provide soon ancillary services to the power system. This could be done, for example, by managing the use of Electric Vehicles (EV) batteries, or the production of flexible energy commodities such as hydrogen (H2), that can be used for fuel cell vehicles (H2EV) or in industrial processes. This paper analyses the impact of a transition to H2EV as an alternative to EV for passengers’ cars on a Spanish-like power sector. A simple H2 demand estimation is developed and provided to CEVESA, an operation and expansion model for the Iberian Power System Electricity Market (MIBEL). For this study, CEVESA was extended to include the investments and operation decisions of H2 production. Simulations were performed to determine the optimal evolution of the H2 production capacity and of the electricity generation mix, considering scenarios with different shares of EV and H2EV. The impact of H2EV vs EV mobility is assessed based on the recent Spanish National Plan for Energy and Climate (NECP) as the base case scenario. Results show that, even if H2EV mobility alternative is still more costly than EV, H2 production could provide a significant flexibility to the system that should also be appraised. Indeed, H2EV mobility could become a feasible and complementary alternative to decarbonize mobility by powering H2 production with the renewable generation surplus. This, together with the on-going learning process of this technology that will decrease its production costs and increase its efficiency in the coming years, could boost, even more, the development of the H2 economy. 相似文献
67.
In this work, ZnO nanostructures are electrodeposited on a transparent conducting glass from chloride baths. The influence of H2O2 concentration on the electrochemical characteristics has been studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) techniques. From the analysis of the current transients on the basis of the Scharifker–Hills model, it is found that nucleation mechanism is progressive with a typical three-dimensional (3D) nucleation and growth process; independently with the concentration of H2O2. However, the nucleation rate of the ZnO changes with the increase of H2O2 concentration. The Mott–Schottky measurements demonstrate an n-type semiconductor character for all samples with a carrier density varying between 5.14×1018 cm−3 and 1.47×1018 cm−3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations show arrays of vertically aligned ZnO nanorods (NRs) with good homogeneity. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns show that the ZnO deposited crystallises according to a hexagonal Würtzite-type structure and with the c-axis perpendicular to the electrode surface. The directional growth along (002) crystallographic plane is very important for deposits obtained at 5 and 7 mM of H2O2. The high optical properties of the ZnO NRs with a low density of deep defects was checked by UV–vis transmittance analyses, the band gap energy of films varies between 3.23 and 3.31 eV with transparency around 80–90%. 相似文献
68.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(70):34970-34982
Alloy hardened steels offer excellent combination of mechanical properties, hardenability and corrosion resistance. 34CrMo4 is a medium carbon, low alloy steel widely used due to a good combination of high-strength, toughness and wear resistance. However, this steel experiences hydrogen embrittlement (HE), a complex phenomenon depending on the composition and microstructure. This work estimates de loss of the mechanical properties caused by hydrogen in electrochemically H-charged specimens in absence of mechanical stress but also, at low strain rate and constant load. H-charging for 2 and 6 h induce YS losses of about 40% and 71% and UTS losses of 39% and 59%, respectively. The synergistic effect of the stress and the H-charging process leads to a higher loss, 91%, and a faster brittle fracture even though hydrogen content is similar to those firstly H-charged and then tested in air. 相似文献
69.
An alternative Equivalent Electrical Circuit for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells is modelled in this study. Both I–V characteristics and H2 consumptions corresponding to generated power under load and no-load conditions are investigated. For this purpose, H2 consumptions and I–V characteristics of three different sized PEMFCs are tested. There is a very good harmony between the model results and measured values (relative error %0.7, %6.4 and %2.5 for FC-A, FC-B and FC-C respectively). In the proposed model current passes only on parallel resistance and not on serial resistance at no-load condition. Thus, a FC with higher parallel resistance should be preferred. Another key output of this study is that based on the proposed model, performance comparison of FCs can be performed with the parameters defined in this work. Proposals made in this study can easily be used for performance analysis of FCs under for both steady state and transient analysis. 相似文献
70.
Abrasive water jet technology can be used for micro-milling using recently developed miniaturized nozzles. Abrasive water jet (AWJ) machining is often used with both the nozzle tip and workpiece submerged in water to reduce noise and contain debris. This paper compares the performance of submerged and unsubmerged abrasive water jet micro-milling of channels in 316L stainless steel and 6061-T6 aluminum at various nozzle angles and standoff distances. The effect of submergence on the diameter and effective footprint of AWJ erosion footprints was measured and compared. It was found that the centerline erosion rate decreased with channel depth due to the spreading of the jet as the effective standoff distance increased, and because of the growing effect of stagnation as the channel became deeper. The erosive jet spread over a larger effective footprint in air than in water, since particles on the jet periphery were slowed much more quickly in water due to increased drag. As a result, the width of a channel machined in air was wider than that in water. Moreover, it was observed that the instantaneous erosion rate decreased with channel depth, and that this decrease was a function only of the channel cross-sectional geometry, being independent of the type of metal, the jet angle, the standoff distance, and regardless of whether the jet was submerged or in air, in either the forward or backward directions. It is shown that submerged AWJM results in narrower features than those produced while machining in air, without a decrease in centerline etch rate. 相似文献