Sensory Analysis of Whole Wheat/Soy Flour Breads

ABSTRACT: Breads containing 0% to 40% defatted soy flour, 35% to 100% whole wheat flour, and 0% to 35% white bread flour were prepared. Beany or bitter flavor ratings for the yeast-leavened breads containing up to 30% soy flour were not significantly different from the control whole wheat bread. A high-quality yeast was the most important factor in reducing the beany taste of the bread. Addition of ascorbic acid significantly increased yeasty flavor, and there was a strong inverse correlation between beany and sweet flavors. These studies suggest that an appealing, nutritious bread containing up to 30% to 40% soy flour can be prepared in an easy and economical manner using equipment available in home or institutional kitchens.     

植物乳酸菌发酵馒头工艺及性质研究

选用小麦面粉作为主要材料,研究了植物乳杆菌发酵馒头的制备工艺及性质。确定了发酵剂最佳配比为:0.7%的高活性干酵母加0.3%的植物乳杆菌,最佳发酵时间为25 min。将该工艺制备出的馒头,和普通酵母发酵馒头以及使用酵子、酵母复合发酵的馒头性质进行研究,发现添加植物乳杆菌的馒头在比容、感官评价上优于普通馒头及酵子馒头。馒头白度高于酵母发酵馒头但低于酵子发酵馒头。植物乳酸菌发酵馒头的硬度、黏聚性、咀嚼性、回复性小;弹性较大。     

裂褶菌极端嗜盐木聚糖酶ScXyn22的性质及对全麦面包品质的影响

研究裂褶菌（Schizophyllum commune）来源GH11家族木聚糖酶ScXyn22在毕赤酵母的表达,分析该酶的酶学性质及其对全麦面包品质的影响。ScXyn22的最适pH值和温度为4.5和55 ℃,为内切型木聚糖酶。ScXyn22水解桦木木聚糖比活力为（5 964.1±429.4）U/mg,Km为（3.25±0.27）mg/mL,Vmax为（1 288±9.14）μmol/（min·mg）。ScXyn22在含有1～5 mol/L NaCl反应体系中,水解桦木木聚糖的酶活力分别提高到1.64、2.13、2.31、2.39、2.3 倍;水解小麦阿拉伯木聚糖酶活力提高到1.21、1.46、1.58、1.48、1.16 倍;但对β-燕麦葡聚糖的水解活性降低19.31%、47.72%、55.97%、45.99%、38.18%。模拟人工肠液环境下,ScXyn22在20 min内的剩余酶活力为81%,在120 min后剩余酶活力65.77%。添加木聚糖酶对全麦面包的品质影响显著,当ScXyn22添加量为300 U/kg时全麦面包比容提高了19.7%;当添加量为150 U/kg时,面包硬度降低57.3%。该结果显示该木聚糖酶在全麦面包生产中具有很好的应用潜力。     

冷冻调理贻贝的加工工艺

通过对冷冻调理贻贝加工工艺参数的筛选试验,确定了冷冻调理贻贝的调味料配方、浆液浓度、食用时油炸温度及油炸时间等工艺参数。经分析检测,在-18℃下冻藏6个月后,冷冻调理贻贝仍符合卫生质量要求。     

Effects of flour from different barley varieties on barley sour dough bread

Twenty flours from 16 different barley varieties cultivated in 1990 and 1992, and a Swedish reference flour, were fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum A1 to sour doughs. Barley breads (40% barley/60% wheat flour) from each flour type were baked with and without an admixture of barley sour dough in order to investigate how the sour dough admixture would affect the baking properties. A trained panel carried out sensory evaluation by conventional profiling on breads made from three of the barley varieties and the Swedish reference flour, made with and without sour dough admixture.

The barley varieties influenced both the sour dough properties and the properties of the barley bread. The pH of bread with sour dough ranged from 4.6 to 4.8 as compared to 5.4 to 5.6 in bread without sour dough. The acidity of the breads with sour dough ranged from 4.1 to 5.0 ml NaOH/ 10 g bread crumb as compared to 2.4 to 3.6 in breads without sour dough. In 14 of the twenty bread types an addition of sour dough lowered the bread volume. Breads with a sour dough admixture scored higher for total taste and acidulous taste than breads without sour dough. The β-glucan content of the flours had no significant influence on the sour dough or the sensory characteristics of the bread, except for the breadcrumb colour.     

氧化酶复合乳化剂在馒头中的应用研究

利用正交试验研究了氧化酶复合乳化剂对面团流变学特性和馒头质量的影响。确定了适量的葡萄糖氧化酶、抗坏血酸、硬酯酰乳酸钠一钙,增强了面粉的筋力,改善了馒头的内部组织结构、增大了体积、表面更光亮。     

Analysis of the intake of sodium with cereal products by the population of Poland

The study aimed to analyse the intake of Na with cereal products by the population of Poland. In addition, based on available literature, changes in the content of Na in bread sold in the Polish market from 2009 to 2018 were analysed with regard to Na intake reduction campaigns held in Poland since 2009 popularising information about the adverse effect of sodium on the human cardiovascular system. The results led to the conclusion that the analysed products contained 3.042 ± 3.4 g of Na per 1 kg of fresh product. The content of Na in the analysed products was bread > bread rolls > grains > pasta > rice. Cereal products provide 48.3 % of an adult’s intake of Na, where as much as 48.2 % is covered by bread, with only 0.04 % by grains, 0.04 % by pasta, and 0.01 % by rice. According to information available in reference literature from 2009–2017 the content of Na in baked goods has not been subject to significant modifications. In Poland, with regard to an excessive consumption of Na, efficient strategies must be developed to increase the awareness of consumers and to reduce the use of table salt in the most popular products, and in particular in baked goods. One of the ways to reduce the intake of Na would be consumers’ selection of an adequate range of foodstuffs naturally poor in this element or having its content reduced by means of a suitable technology. This can be a significant component of practices preventing the development of hypertension. However, the fact that information about the content of Na in cereal products is often missing from product labels makes consumer choice difficult.     

气相离子迁移色谱解析白砂糖和黄油对面包感官品质和风味物质的影响

以酿酒酵母菌和植物乳杆菌作为发酵剂,探讨白砂糖和黄油对面包感官品质、比容和体积、质构、挥发性风味物质的影响。结果表明：白砂糖和黄油可显著改善面包的外观、色泽、组织结构、弹性、气味和口感等;可使面包的体积提高13.80%,硬度降低35.35%,弹性降低37.91%。在挥发性风味物质主成分方面,电子鼻检测结果表明,白砂糖和黄油使面包样品形成的风味主成分区域几乎无重叠,显著改变面包样品中挥发性物质主成分,对面包中氮氧化物、硫化合物、芳香族化合物、芳烃化合物、甲烷类和乙醇等化合物的产生影响显著。在挥发性风味物质含量方面,气相离子迁移色谱检测结果表明,白砂糖和黄油显著影响面包样品挥发性风味物质的种类和含量。其中,乙酸甲酯、乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯、糠醛等物质的含量明显增加。这些酯类物质既是挥发性风味物质,又是发酵香气成分中的主要呈香物质。综上可知,白砂糖和黄油在改善面包的食味品质方面发挥着重要作用。     

亚麻籽面包的制作

本文研究了添加亚麻籽粉、亚麻籽壳、亚麻籽仁的营养面包的研制,通过实施确定了亚麻籽粉、亚麻籽壳、亚麻籽仁的添加方式和最佳添加比例。     

Breadmaking and Storage of Various Wheat Fractions Affect Vitamin E

The vitamin E loss during baking of two types of industrially baked breads was studied. Neither scalding nor fermentation reduced the vitamin E content. However, the sour dough preparation and dough-making resulted in 20-60% reduction in the content of tocopherols and tocotrienols. In addition the vitamin E yield in the doughs and the French bread when using two different extraction methods were compared. The two methods showed similar results for flours and doughs, but indicated differences after the baking stage. Storage stability of wholemeal flour, white flour, bran and germ of wheat were also investigated. Storage at 20°C for 12 mo decreased vitamin E activity of the various wheat fractions by 28-40%.