赴意大利考察琐记

文中综合了赴意大利进行陶瓷生产技术考察的情况．叙述了主要收获和体会，并结合我国的实际情况提出了改进意见．     

Dam-Break flood forecasting in Piemonte region,northwest Italy

Six major reservoirs in Piemonte region, northwest Italy, have been examined in order to assess the possible flood damages to the downstream area. In this paper, some results of the hydraulic study are presented. The floods are simulated by computer models with the input data which describe the imagined dam-break events as well as other facts. Some important practical aspects of the work are extensively discussed, i.e. the problems concerning determination of the dam-breaches, the influence of the breach parameters, and estimation of the hydraulic resistance factors.Notation A = cross sectional area of water flow - C = Chezy roughness coefficient - C = discharge coefficient - g = acceleration due to gravity - H = height of dam-breach - H = height of dam - h = water surface level above the datum plane - L = width of dam - Q = flow discharge - Q_e, Q_u = inflow and outflow discharges respectively - q = lateral inflow discharge - R_* = hydraulic radius - T = formation time of dam-breach - t = time - V = volume of reservoir storage - W = width of dam-breach - X = downstream distance from a dam along the river - = velocity distribution factor     

中国和意大利防灾减灾体系的对比研究

我国包括洪涝灾害在内的灾害事件频繁发生,防灾减灾体系建设任重道远。意大利民事保护体系中,民事保护机构高度集中,指挥协调和业务支撑职能划分明确,社会化服务和志愿者参与机制均比较完善,值得我国学习和借鉴。通过中国和意大利防灾减灾体系的对比分析,为进一步完善我国防灾减灾体制,探索政府、市场、社会三方面力量共同参与的防灾减灾模式提供借鉴。     

BREAKING THE GERMAN WEATHER CIPHERS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN DETACHMENT G, 849th SIGNAL INTELLIGENCE SERVICE

Detachment G, 849th Signal Intelligence Service, a unit comprising 4 officers and 60 enlisted men supported by the 122nd Signal Radio Intelligence Company, working round-the-clock in three 8-hour shifts daily for 22 months, decrypted an average of 10,000 European weather synoptic reports per month enciphered in three German trigram table systems. The 122nd Signal Radio Intelligence Company provided the radio intercept facilities and transmitted the decryptions to all weather stations of the 12th and 15th U. S. Air Forces, the British components of the Mediterranean Air Forces, the U. S. Fifth Army and the U. S. and British Navies operating in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations     

Ethno‐biology during the Cold War: Biocca's Expedition to Amazonia

This article focuses on the ethno‐biological expedition to the Amazon headed by Ettore Biocca between November 1962 and July 1963. Biocca, a parasitologist by training, assembled a multidisciplinary team to carry out an ethno‐biological study of Amazon natives. The expedition work covered the natives' customs, myths, chants, diseases and the hallucinogenic compounds and curare they used, and took into account plants and animals common to the Amazon environment. This article aims to contribute to the understanding of the 20th‐century Western approach to the Amazon people and its cultural importance. It sets out to show how Biocca's encyclopaedic work related to the centrality of Amazonia and its peoples in scientific and cultural debates on modernity and Western culture in the 1960s, and how it connects to Cold War anxieties about the disappearance of ‘uncorrupted’ peoples.     

Communities of Consumption and Made in Italy

The interest towards the role of user communities in innovation has grown among scholars and practitioners. Research has explored the role of communities in high-tech and medium-tech industries with a focus on innovation in the functional dimension of products. Less attention has been devoted to user communities' contribution in industries such as fashion, where innovation is much more related to communication and aesthetics. This paper provides a preliminary set of concepts and working hypotheses regarding the contribution of communities to the non-functional dimension of product innovation in low-tech industries and to the relationship between user involvement in brand communities and their incentives to contribute to innovation both tangible and intangible. The paper discusses two case studies of Made in Italy enterprises that refer to communities for their innovation strategies.     

A Large Scale Study of Drinking Water Requirements in the Po Basin (Italy)

Abstract

A newprocess that consists of showing the dependence of drinking water consumption on the economic, productive, and physical characteristics of municipalities was proposed. Statistical procedures were used in a survey of the territorial distribution of drinking water consumption in the Po Valley (Italy) carried out using the results of the 1987 National census and Ministry of Public Works investigations. The factor analysis proved to be particularly useful, allowing the expression of two components describing the water supply of the municipalities included in the survey, respectively defined as water availability and anthropic activity. The former is explained through variables such as precipitation, air temperature, and the geographical location of the municipality, according to specific climatic peculiarities. The latter is adequately represented by the type ofprevalent activity of the population (i.e., rural or urban), the level of urbanisation of the municipalities, and then the level of public services itprovides and the overall municipal income. The methodology described could prove useful in planning and managing the resources allocated for drinking purposes. Adjustment coefficients for the average per capita consumption of each demographic class are then calculated using suitable multiple regression models based on results of the factor analysis. An estimation of the water losses in the supply systems of some Italian towns is also presented.     

Exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) through the consumption of prepared meals in Italy

Diet is a relevant source of exposure to environmental pollutants. Dietary intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by the Italian population was assessed through a duplicate diet study on prepared meals. Baby food composite representative of the diet of toddlers aged 9–12 months and school canteen servings from four towns in Italy representing the diet of children aged 4–9 years were collected on a 5-day basis. Similarly, 5-day lunches from an office canteen, 7-day lunches from a hotel-school, three fast food meals, and eight duplicate 1-day meals of individuals (one vegetarian) were selected to represent the diet of adults aged above 18 years. Servings from each diet were then pooled to form a composite and analysed. Dietary intake was estimated from the resulting contaminant levels in composites combined with age-related food consumption data from national survey. The mean upper bound (UB) intakes for cumulative PCDDs, PCDFs, and DL-PCBs were 0.67, 0.63–0.92, and 0.27–0.63 pg WHO₂₀₀₅-TE kg^?1 body weight (bw) day^?1 for toddlers, children and adults, respectively. BDE-47 (UB) ng kg^?1 bw day^?1 estimates were 2.75 in toddlers, 0.08–0.16 in children and 0.03–0.09 in adults. Similarly, for BDE-99 higher UB intakes (ng kg^?1 bw day^?1) resulted in toddlers (1.26), than those in children (0.06–0.08) and adults (0.03–0.10), respectively. The above estimates fall below the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) (14 WHO₂₀₀₅-TE kg^?1 bw day^?1) established by the European Union Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) for PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs. The margin of exposure (MOE = 3) of toddlers to BDE-99 clearly indicates this age group as target for a risk-oriented approach. This study is proposed as a first cost-effective screening in PCDD, PCDF, DL-PCB and PBDE intake assessment, with a focus also on time trends.     

Benchmarking of thermal hydraulic loop models for Lead-Alloy Cooled Advanced Nuclear Energy System (LACANES), phase-I: Isothermal steady state forced convection

As highly promising coolant for new generation nuclear reactors, liquid Lead-Bismuth Eutectic has been extensively worldwide investigated. With high expectation about this advanced coolant, a multi-national systematic study on LBE was proposed in 2007, which covers benchmarking of thermal hydraulic prediction models for Lead-Alloy Cooled Advanced Nuclear Energy System (LACANES). This international collaboration has been organized by OECD/NEA, and nine organizations - ENEA, ERSE, GIDROPRESS, IAEA, IPPE, KIT/IKET, KIT/INR, NUTRECK, and RRC KI - contribute their efforts to LACANES benchmarking. To produce experimental data for LACANES benchmarking, thermal-hydraulic tests were conducted by using a 12-m tall LBE integral test facility, named as Heavy Eutectic liquid metal loop for integral test of Operability and Safety of PEACER (HELIOS) which has been constructed in 2005 at the Seoul National University in the Republic of Korea. LACANES benchmark campaigns consist of a forced convection (phase-I) and a natural circulation (phase-II). In the forced convection case, the predictions of pressure losses based on handbook correlations and that obtained by Computational Fluid Dynamics code simulation were compared with the measured data for various components of the HELIOS test facility. Based on comparative analyses of the predictions and the measured data, recommendations for the prediction methods of a pressure loss in LACANES were obtained. In this paper, results for the forced convection case (phase-I) of LACANES benchmarking are described.     

Ultra-high temperature porous graded ceramics for solar energy applications

Porous graded materials (PGMs) consisting of ZrB₂ are obtained by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) taking advantage of an asymmetric die configuration with changing cross section. Due to the temperature gradient established along the longitudinal direction, porosity changes up to about 26 vol.% were generated across the volume. The surface roughness of the resulting products increased as the holding temperature was reduced. Superior solar absorbance (α) and lower spectral selectivity (α/ε) properties were correspondingly obtained. PGMs displayed higher α and lower α/ε values with respect to highly dense samples produced using a constant cross section die. More important, these products exhibit similar or improved optical properties with respect to the reference SiC material. These findings are important in view of the development of a novel class of ceramics for solar energy applications, able to operate under higher temperature conditions while simultaneously satisfying optical, microstructural and mechanical needs.